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  • 1 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

    (1889-1970)
       The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.
       As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.
       As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.
       Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.
       Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.
       Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.
       A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).
       In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.
       As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

  • 2 Spínola, Antônio de

    (1910-1996)
       Senior army general, hero of Portugal's wars of African insurgency, and first president of the provisional government after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A career army officer who became involved in politics after a long career of war service and administration overseas, Spinola had a role in the 1974 coup and revolution that was somewhat analogous to that of General Gomes da Costa in the 1926 coup.
       Spinola served in important posts as a volunteer in Portugal's intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), a military observer on the Russian front with the Third Reich's armed forces in World War II, and a top officer in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). His chief significance in contemporary affairs, however, came following his military assignments and tours of duty in Portugal's colonial wars in Africa after 1961.
       Spinola fought first in Angola and later in Guinea- Bissau, where, during 1968-73, he was both commanding general of Portugal's forces and high commissioner (administrator of the territory). His Guinean service tour was significant for at least two reasons: Spinola's dynamic influence upon a circle of younger career officers on his staff in Guinea, men who later joined together in the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), and Spinola's experience of failure in winning the Guinea war militarily or finding a political means for compromise or negotiation with the Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), the African insurgent movement that had fought a war with Portugal since 1963, largely in the forested tropical interior of the territory. Spinola became discouraged after failure to win permission to negotiate secretly for a political solution to the war with the PAIGC and was reprimanded by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano.
       After his return—not in triumph—from Guinea in 1973, Spinola was appointed chief of staff of the armed forces, but he resigned in a dispute with the government. With the assistance of younger officers who also had African experience of costly but seemingly endless war, Spinola wrote a book, Portugal and the Future, which was published in February 1974, despite official censorship and red tape. Next to the Bible and editions of Luís de Camoes's The Lusi- ads, Spinola's controversial book was briefly the best-selling work in Portugal's modern age. While not intimately involved with the budding conspiracy among career army majors, captains, and others, Spinola was prepared to head such a movement, and the planners depended on his famous name and position as senior army officer with the right credentials to win over both military and civil opinion when and where it counted.
       When the Revolution of 25 April 1974 succeeded, Spinola was named head of the Junta of National Salvation and eventually provisional president of Portugal. Among the military revolutionaries, though, there was wide disagreement about the precise goals of the revolution and how to achieve them. Spinola's path-breaking book had subtly proposed three new goals: the democratization of authoritarian Portugal, a political solution to the African colonial wars, and liberalization of the economic system. The MFA immediately proclaimed, not coincidentally, the same goals, but without specifying the means to attain them.
       The officers who ran the newly emerging system fell out with Spinola over many issues, but especially over how to decolonize Portugal's besieged empire. Spinola proposed a gradualist policy that featured a free referendum by all colonial voters to decide between a loose federation with Portugal or complete independence. MFA leaders wanted more or less immediate decolonization, a transfer of power to leading African movements, and a pullout of Portugal's nearly 200,000 troops in three colonies. After a series of crises and arguments, Spinola resigned as president in September 1974. He conspired for a conservative coup to oust the leftists in power, but the effort failed in March 1975, and Spinola was forced to flee to Spain and then to Brazil. Some years later, he returned to Portugal, lived in quiet retirement, and could be seen enjoying horseback riding. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the rank of marshal, in retirement.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spínola, Antônio de

  • 3 Vieira, Father António de

    (1608-1697)
       A talented and influential individual, and one of the greatest speakers and prose writers of early modern Portugal, Vieira was a Jesuit priest, writer, missionary, advisor to kings, and diplomatic negotiator. At age eight, he went to Brazil and was educated there in a Jesuit College. Like Francisco Manuel de Melo, his Jesuit-educated contemporary, Vieira participated in the great crises and conflicts of his day, including the ongoing war between the Inquisition and Portugal's New Christians, the loss and partial recovery of parts of Portugal's still extensive overseas empire, the rise to the Portuguese throne of the Braganza dynasty, the restoration of Portugal's independence from Spain in 1640, and the subsequent struggle to retain that independence under adverse circumstances.
       One of Father Vieira's major efforts was his campaign to have the Portuguese Inquisition relax its policy of confiscation of New Christian capital and property and to convince converted Jews in Portugal and Portuguese Jews in exile to provide capital in Portugal's efforts to reinforce its defenses against many threatened Spanish invasions during 1640-68, when Spain finally officially recognized Portugal's independence in a treaty. Such monies were also employed in defending Portugal's overseas empire and helping to drive out enemies who had occupied portions of Portugal's dominions abroad.
       Father Vieira spent a large part of his career in Brazil as a Jesuit missionary and administrator and was famous for defending the freedom and rights of Amerindians against settlers. A great sermonizer who possessed a strong messianic belief and grounding in the prophecies of the Old Testament, Vieira became an influential advisor to the Portuguese kings, as well as a diplomat assigned important tasks abroad. Vieira preached sermons in which he proclaimed that the awaited messiah who would restore Portugal to world power status in the future was not King Sebastião I, who died in 1578 in battle against the Muslims in Morocco, but King João IV, an assertion that lost some credibility following the king's death in 1656.
       Among Father Vieira's prolific writings, his most noted are his collected sermons in 15 volumes, Letras, his História do Futuro, and his famous defense against accusations when on trial before the Portuguese Inquisition, the Defesa perante o Tribunal do Santo Ofício.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Vieira, Father António de

  • 4 Neri, Antonio Ludovico

    [br]
    b. 29 February 1576 Florence, Italy
    d. 1614 Florence, Italy
    [br]
    Italian glassmaker.
    [br]
    Neri entered the Church and by 1601 was a priest in the household of Alamanno Bertolini in Florence. There he met the Portuguese Sir Emanuel Ximenes, with whom he shared an interest in chemistry. The two later corresponded and the twenty-seven letters extant from Ximenes, who was living in Antwerp, are the main source of information about Neri's life. At the same time, Neri was working as a craftsman in the Medici glasshouse in Florence and then in their works at Pisa. These glasshouses had been flourishing since the fifteenth century with the help of Muranese glassmakers imported from Venice. Ximenes persuaded Neri to spend some time with the glassmakers in Antwerp, probably from 1603/4, for the correspondence breaks off at that point. A final letter in March 1611 refers to Neri's recent return to Florence. In the following year, Neri published the work by which he is known, the L'arte vetraria, the first general treatise on glassmaking. Neri's plan for a further book describing his chemical and medical experiments was thwarted by his early death. L'arte belongs to the medieval tradition of manuscript recipe books. It is divided into seven books, the first being the most interesting, dealing with the materials of glassmaking and their mixing and melting to form crystal and other colourless glasses. Other sections deal with coloured glasses and the making of enamels for goldsmiths' use. Although it was noted by Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), the book made little impression for half a century, the second edition not appearing until 1661. The first Venice edition came out two years later, with a second in 1678. Due to a decline in scientific activity in Italy at this time, L'arte had more influence elsewhere in Europe, especially England, Holland and France. It began to make a real impact with the appearance in 1662 of the English translation by Christopher Merrett (1614–95), physician, naturalist and founder member of the Royal Society. This edition included Merrett's annotations, descriptions of the tools used by English glassmakers and a translation of Agricola's short account of glassmaking in his De re metallica of 1556. Later translations were based on the Merrett translation rather than the Italian original. Ravenscroft probably used Neri's account of lead glass as a starting point for his own researches in the 1670s.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1612, L'arte vetraria, 7 vols; reprinted 1980, ed. R.Barovier, Milan: Edizioni Polifilo (the introd., in Italian, England and French, contains the most detailed account of Neri's life and work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Neri, Antonio Ludovico

  • 5 ahí

    adv.
    there.
    * * *
    1 there, in that place
    \
    de ahí que hence, therefore
    por ahí (lugar) round there 2 (aproximadamente) more or less
    * * *
    adv.
    * * *
    ADV
    1) [en un lugar] there

    ¿Nina, estás ahí? — Nina, are you there?

    • ahí abajo — down there

    • ahí arriba — up there

    • ahí dentro — in there, inside

    • ahí fuera — out there, outside

    • ahí mero Méx —

    • ahí mismo — right there

    • ahí no más — LAm right (near) here

    • por ahí — [indicando dirección] that way; [indicando posición] over there

    hoy podemos ir a cenar por ahí — we can go out for dinner tonight, we can eat out tonight

    ¿no dicen por ahí que vivimos en un país libre? — don't they say we live in a free country?

    por ahí se le ocurre llamar — Cono Sur he might think to phone

    • ahí tiene — there you are

    • ¡ahí va!, ahí va el balón, ¡cógelo! — there goes the ball, catch it!

    ¡ahí va, qué bonito! — wow, it's lovely!

    ¡ahí va, no me había dado cuenta de que eras tú! — well well! I didn't realise it was you

    ahí donde lo ves, come más que tú y yo juntos — believe it or not he eats more than you and me put together

    2) [en una situación]

    ¡ahí está el problema! — that's the problem!

    ahí está, por ejemplo, el caso de Luis — there's the case of Luis, for example

    ahí estaba yo, con casi cincuenta años, y todavía soltero — there was I, about to turn fifty, and still a bachelor

    -¿está mejor tu mujer? -ahí anda o LAm ahí va — "is your wife better?" - "she's doing all right"

    ¡hombre, haber empezado por ahí! — why didn't you say so before!

    • de ahí — that's why

    de ahí las quejas de los inquilinos — that's why the tenants are complaining, hence the tenants' complaints frm

    de ahí se deduce que... — from that it follows that...

    • hasta ahí, hasta ahí llego yo — I can work that much out for myself

    bueno, hasta ahí de acuerdo — well, I agree with you up to there o that point

    ¡hasta ahí podíamos llegar! — what a nerve!, that's the limit!, can you credit it!

    • he ahí el dilema — that's the dilemma, there you have the dilemma

    • ahí sí que LAm —

    si hubiéramos ido más rápido, ahí sí que nos matamos — if we'd gone any faster, we'd definitely have been killed

    3) [en el tiempo]

    • ahí mismo LAm —

    • ahí no más — Chile there and then

    • a partir de ahí — from then on

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( en el espacio) there

    ahí está/viene — there he is/here he comes

    ahí arriba/abajo — up/down there

    ahí mismo or (AmL) nomás o (Méx) mero — right o just there

    debe estar como a 200 pesetas - sí, por ahí anda — it must be about 200 pesetas - yes, that's about right

    ahí sí que — (AmL)

    de ahí a que: de ahí a que venga es otra cosa — whether or not he actually comes is another matter

    2)
    b)

    de ahí que — (+ subj)

    3) ( en el tiempo) then

    ahí es cuando... — that's when...

    4) (AmL) ( más o menos)

    ¿cómo sigue tu abuelo? - ahí anda — how's your grandfather getting on? - oh, so-so

    * * *
    Ex. The ASLIB handbook of special library and information work discusses literature searching techniques and the role of literature guides therein.
    ----
    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * ahí está la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * andar por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.
    * de ahí = therefrom.
    * de ahí que = hence.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.
    * no quedarse ahí = there + be + more to it than that.
    * por ahí = out there.
    * sueltos por ahí = hanging about.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( en el espacio) there

    ahí está/viene — there he is/here he comes

    ahí arriba/abajo — up/down there

    ahí mismo or (AmL) nomás o (Méx) mero — right o just there

    debe estar como a 200 pesetas - sí, por ahí anda — it must be about 200 pesetas - yes, that's about right

    ahí sí que — (AmL)

    de ahí a que: de ahí a que venga es otra cosa — whether or not he actually comes is another matter

    2)
    b)

    de ahí que — (+ subj)

    3) ( en el tiempo) then

    ahí es cuando... — that's when...

    4) (AmL) ( más o menos)

    ¿cómo sigue tu abuelo? - ahí anda — how's your grandfather getting on? - oh, so-so

    * * *

    Ex: The ASLIB handbook of special library and information work discusses literature searching techniques and the role of literature guides therein.

    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * ahí está la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * andar por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.
    * de ahí = therefrom.
    * de ahí que = hence.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.
    * no quedarse ahí = there + be + more to it than that.
    * por ahí = out there.
    * sueltos por ahí = hanging about.

    * * *
    A
    ¿qué tienes ahí? what have you got there?
    ¿y Juan? — ahí está/viene where's Juan? — there he is/here he comes now
    ahí arriba/abajo up/down there
    ¡bájate de ahí! get down from there!
    no, ahí no, allí no, not there, (over) there
    está ahí nomás or no más, a la vuelta ( AmL); it's only just around the corner
    lo dejé ahí mismo or ( Méx) ahí mero I left it right o just there
    para egoísta ahí tienes a tu primo if we're talking about selfishness you need look no further than your cousin
    2 ( en locs):
    por ahí somewhere
    he debido dejarlo por ahí I must have left it somewhere
    siempre anda por ahí she's always out somewhere
    por ahí hay quien dice que … there are those who say that …
    debe estar como a 2 euros — sí, por ahí anda it must be about 2 euros — yes, that's about right o yes, round about that
    tendrá unos 35 años o por ahí he must be 35 or so, he must be around 35
    por ahí se le da por venir ( RPl); he may decide to come
    ahí sí que ( AmL): ahí sí que me cogiste or ( RPl) agarraste or ( Chi) pillaste you've really got me there! ( colloq)
    ahí me/se las den todas ( fam); I/he couldn't care less o couldn't give a damn ( colloq)
    no estar ni ahí ( Chi fam): no estoy ni ahí (no me importa) I couldn't care less ( colloq) (no me interesa) it leaves me cold ( colloq)
    nada1 pron A. (↑ nada (1))
    B
    1
    (refiriéndose a un lugar figurado): ahí está el truco that's the secret, that's where the secret lies
    de ahí a la drogadicción sólo hay un paso from there it's just a short step to becoming a drug addict
    de ahí a decir que es excelente hay un buen trecho there's a big difference between that and saying it's excellent
    hasta ahí llego yo (al resolver un problema) I worked that much out myself; (al negarse a hacer algo) that's as far as I'm prepared to go
    hasta por ahí no más (CS): mi paciencia llega hasta por ahí no más there's a limit to my patience, my patience only goes so far
    es generoso hasta por ahí no más he's only generous up to a point
    2
    de ahí hence
    de ahí la importancia de esta reunión hence the importance of this meeting
    de ahí que (+ subj) that is why
    de ahí que haya perdido popularidad that is why her popularity has declined
    de ahí en adelante from then on, from that time o point on
    ahí es cuando debió decírselo, no después that's when he should have told her, not later
    ahí cambié de táctica then o at that point I changed my tactics
    ahí mismo there and then
    D
    ( AmL) (más o menos): ¿cómo sigue tu abuelo? — ahí anda how's your grandfather getting on? — oh, so-so
    * * *

     

    ahí adverbio
    1

    ◊ ahí está/viene there he is/here he comes;

    ahí arriba/abajo up/down there;
    ahí mismo or (AmL) nomás or (Méx) mero right o just there
    b)


    debe estar por ahí it must be around somewhere;
    fue a dar una vuelta por ahí she went off for a walk;
    se fue por ahí she went that way;
    yo he estado por ahí I've been around there;
    tendrá unos 35 años o por ahí he must be 35 or thereabouts
    2

    ◊ ahí está el truco/problema that's the secret/problem;

    de ahí a la drogadicción solo hay un paso from there it's just a short step to becoming a drug addict;
    hasta ahí llego yo that's as far as I'm prepared to go
    b)


    de ahí mi sorpresa hence my surprise;
    de ahí que hayan fracasado that is why they failed;
    de ahí a que venga es otra cosa whether or not he actually comes is another matter
    3 ( en el tiempo) then;

    ahí mismo there and then
    ahí adverbio there: está ahí, it's there
    ponlo por ahí, put it over there
    ahí tienes, here you are
    tiene cincuenta años o por ahí, he's fifty or thereabouts
    ve por ahí, go that way
    de ahí, hence
    de ahí que, so
    ' ahí' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alguien
    - anda
    - andar
    - apestosa
    - apestoso
    - arriba
    - biruji
    - crisma
    - detrás
    - ir
    - hostia
    - lado
    - le
    - los
    - mañana
    - media
    - medio
    - pregonar
    - quienquiera
    - quitarse
    - Tiro
    - yo
    - agarrar
    - apartar
    - bien
    - brazo
    - colgar
    - cuidar
    - dentro
    - izquierda
    - mover
    - parado
    - poner
    - por
    - quedar
    - quitar
    - recordar
    - salir
    English:
    hand up
    - hence
    - hustle
    - leave
    - loose
    - mooch
    - nobody
    - peace
    - rest
    - rub
    - stand about
    - stand around
    - stay
    - there
    - thereabout
    - thereabouts
    - tissue
    - around
    - d'
    - flash
    - go
    - hand
    - happen
    - lucky
    - out of
    - reason
    - swear
    - way
    * * *
    ahí adv
    1. [lugar determinado] there;
    ahí arriba/abajo up/down there;
    desde ahí no se ve nada you can't see anything from there;
    ponlo ahí put it over there;
    vino por ahí he came that way;
    ¡ahí están! there they are!;
    ¡ahí tienes! here o there you are!;
    ahí vienen los niños here o there come the children;
    ahí mismo right there;
    déjalo ahí mismo leave it (over) there;
    Am
    ahí nomás right over there
    2. [lugar indeterminado]
    ahí es donde te equivocas that's where you are mistaken;
    la solución está ahí that's where the solution lies;
    de ahí a la fama hay muy poco it's not far to go from there to being famous;
    de ahí a llamarle tonto hay poca distancia there's little difference between saying that and calling him stupid;
    las llaves están por ahí the keys are around there somewhere;
    está por ahí [en lugar indeterminado] she's around (somewhere);
    [en la calle] she's out;
    se ha ido a pasear por ahí she's gone out for a walk;
    Fam
    andar por ahí con los amigos to hang out with one's friends;
    andan por ahí diciendo tonterías they're going around talking nonsense;
    por ahí [aproximadamente eso] something like that;
    ¿te costó 10 euros? – por ahí, por ahí it cost you 10 euros, did it? – yes, somewhere around that o more or less;
    por ahí va la cosa you're not too far wrong;
    por ahí no paso that's one thing I'm not prepared to do;
    Am
    ¡ahí está! (you) see!;
    todavía no me contestaron – ahí está, yo te dije they still haven't answered – (you) see, I told you so;
    CAm, Méx Fam
    ¡ahí muere! forget it!;
    ¡ahí es nada!: subió al Everest sin oxígeno, ¡ahí es nada! guess what, he only climbed Everest without any oxygen!;
    ha vendido ya dos millones, ¡ahí es nada! she's sold two million already, not bad, eh?;
    Fam
    ¿cómo estás? - Andes, Carib, RP [m5] ahí o CAm, Méx [m5] ahí nomás how are you? – so-so;
    ahí le duele: a pesar de su éxito, la crítica sigue sin aceptarlo, ¡ahí le duele! frustratingly for him, he still hasn't achieved critical acclaim despite his success;
    ¡ahí me las den todas! I couldn't care less!;
    Méx Fam
    ahí se va (it's no) big deal;
    Méx Fam
    hacer algo al ahí se va to do sth any old how
    3.
    de ahí que [por eso] and consequently;
    es un mandón, de ahí que no lo aguante nadie he's very bossy, that's why nobody likes him;
    de ahí su enfado that's why she was so angry
    4. [momento] then;
    de ahí en adelante from then on;
    ahí me di cuenta de que estaba mintiendo that was when I realized he was lying
    * * *
    adv there;
    ahí mismo right there;
    está por ahí it’s (somewhere) over there; dando direcciones it’s that way;
    irse por ahí go out;
    por ahí voy that’s what I’m getting at;
    ahí me las den todas fam I couldn’t o
    could care less, Br
    I couldn’t care less;
    ¡ahí va! fam there you go! fam ;
    de ahí que that is why
    * * *
    ahí adv
    1) : there
    ahí está: there it is
    2)
    por ahí : somewhere, thereabouts
    3)
    de ahí que : with the result that, so that
    * * *
    ahí adv there

    Spanish-English dictionary > ahí

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 querer

    m.
    love.
    v.
    1 to want.
    quiero una bicicleta I want a bicycle
    ¿quieren ustedes algo más? would you like anything else?
    haz lo que quieras do what you want o like, do as you please o like
    querer que alguien haga algo to want somebody to do something
    quiero que lo hagas tú I want you to do it
    queremos que las cosas te vayan bien we want things to go well for you
    quisiera hacerlo, pero… I'd like to do it, but…
    ¡qué quieres que haga! what am I supposed to do?
    qué quieres que te diga, a mí me parece caro to be honest, it seems expensive to me, what can I say? it seems expensive to me
    ven cuando quieras come whenever you like o want
    no me voy porque no quiero I'm not going because I don't want to
    queriendo on purpose
    sin querer accidentally
    querer decir to mean
    ¿qué quieres decir con eso? what do you mean by that?
    querer es poder where there's a will there's a way
    Quiero paz I want peace.
    Quiero un taxi I need a taxi.
    2 to love.
    te quiero I love you
    Yo quiero a mi esposo I love my husband.
    3 to want to, to be willing to, to desire to, to have a desire to.
    Quiero estudiar I want to study.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    quiera, quieras, quiera, queramos, queráis, quieran.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    quiere (tú), quiera (él/Vd.), queramos (nos.), quered (vos.), quieran (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    2) love
    3) like
    •
    * * *
    Para la expresión querer decir, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO TRANSITIVO
    1) [a una persona] (=amar) to love; (=apreciar) to like

    ¡te quiero! — I love you!

    no estoy enamorado, pero la quiero mucho — I'm not in love with her, but I'm very fond of her

    me quiere... no me quiere — [deshojando una margarita] she loves me... she loves me not

    • querer [bien] a algn — to want the best for sb

    • [hacerse] querer por algn — to endear o.s. to sb

    • querer [mal] a algn — to wish sb ill

    la quiere como a la niña de sus ojos — she's the apple of his eye, he dotes on her

    2) (=desear)
    a) [+ objeto] to want

    ¿cuál quieres? — which one do you want?

    ¿qué más quieres? — (lit) what else do you want?; iró what more do you want?

    hace lo que quiere — she does what she wants {o} as she pleases

    se lo di, pero no lo quiso — I gave it to him, but he didn't want (to take) it

    ¡lo que quieras! — as you wish!, have it your own way!

    ¿quieres un café? — would you like some coffee?

    • querer [pelea] — to be looking for trouble

    • [todo] lo que tú quieras, será muy feo y todo lo que tú quieras, pero es muy buena persona — he may be ugly and all that, but he's a very nice person

    b) + infin to want

    ¿qué quieres comer hoy? — what would you like for dinner today?

    no quiso pagar — he refused to pay, he wouldn't pay

    c)

    • querer [que] algn haga algo — to want sb to do sth

    la tradición quiere que... — tradition has it that...

    este quiere que le rompan la cabeza — * this guy is asking to get his head kicked in *

    ¿quieres que me crea que tú solo te has bebido todo el whisky? — are you asking me to believe that you drank all the whisky by yourself?

    • ¿qué quieres que te [diga]? — what can I say?

    • ¿qué quieres que le [haga]?, si se va por ahí sin hacer caso, ¿qué quieres que le haga? — if he goes off without taking any notice, what am I supposed to do {o} what can I do about it?

    si estudio y no apruebo, ¿qué quieres que le haga? — if I study and still don't pass, what can I do?

    • ¡[qué más] quisiera yo! — if only I could!

    ¿qué más quisiera yo que ver juntos a mis hijos? — what more could I wish for {o} want than to see my children together?

    3) (=tener intención de)
    + infin

    al querer abrir la botella, saltó el tapón — the cork exploded while she was trying to open the bottle

    4) [pidiendo algo]

    quería dos kilos de patatas, por favor — I'd like two kilos of potatoes, please, could I have two kilos of potatoes, please?

    ¿quieres darme tu nueva dirección? — would {o} could you give me your new address?

    ¿querría participar en nuestra oferta? — would you like to take advantage of our offer?

    ¿cuánto quieren por el coche? — what are they asking for the car?, how much do they want for the car?

    5) (=requerir)

    ¿para qué me querrá? — I wonder what he wants me for?, what can he want me for?

    6) [uso impersonal]
    2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) (=desear)

    ¿quieres? — [ofreciendo algo] do you want some?, would you like some?

    -¿quieres casarte conmigo? -sí, quiero — "will you marry me?" - "yes, I will"

    -¿puedes enviar tú el correo? -como usted quiera — "could you take the post?" - "as you wish"

    mientras el jefe no quiera, no hay nada que hacer — as long as the boss is opposed, there's nothing to be done {o} nothing we can do about it

    • ven [cuando] quieras — come whenever you like

    como quiere —

    ¡está como quiere! — Esp ** she's a bit of all right! **

    quieras o no, eso cambiará nuestras vidas — whether you like it or not, that's going to change our lives

    con el cambio de trabajo, quieras que no, se ha animado un poco — you may agree or disagree, but the fact is he's perked up a bit since he changed jobs

    2) (=tener intención)

    lo hizo queriendo — he did it deliberately {o} on purpose

    lo hizo sin querer — he didn't mean to do it, he did it inadvertently

    3)
    3.
    See:
    4.
    SUSTANTIVO MASCULINO
    * * *
    I
    masculino love
    II 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( amar) to love

    se hace querer — she/he endears herself/himself to people

    me quiere, no me quiere — ( al deshojar una margarita) she loves me, she loves me not

    por lo que más quieras! — for pity's sake!, for God's sake!

    2)
    a) (expresando deseo, intención, voluntad)

    quisiera una cerveza/habitación doble — I'd like a beer/double room

    ¿qué más quieres? — what more do you want?

    hazlo cuando/como quieras — do it whenever/however you like

    quiera o no quiera — whether she/he likes it or not

    será muy listo y todo lo que tú quieras, pero... — he may be very smart and all that, but...

    tráemelo mañana ¿quieres? — bring it tomorrow, will you?

    querer + INF — to want to + inf

    querer QUE alguien+ SUBJ — to want somebody to + inf

    ¿y qué querías que hiciera? — so what did you expect me to do o what was I supposed to do?

    qué quieres que te diga...! — quite honestly o frankly...

    ¿quieres un café/algo de beber? — would you like o (less frml) do you want a coffee/something to drink?

    querer + INF: ¿quieres pasarme el pan? could you pass me the bread, please?; ¿querrías hacerme un favor? would you mind doing me a favor?; ¿te quieres callar? — be quiet, will you?

    como quiera que haya sido... — whatever happened o it doesn't matter what happened...

    queriendo: lo hizo queriendo she/he did it on purpose o deliberately; sin querer accidentally; perdona, fue sin querer sorry, it was an accident o I didn't mean to; querer decir to mean; ¿qué quieres decir con eso? what do you mean by that?; está como quiere! — (Esp, Méx fam) (es muy guapo, guapa) he's/she's hot stuff! (colloq); ( tiene mucha suerte) some people have got it made (colloq)

    querer algo POR algo: ¿cuánto quieres por el coche? — how much do you want o are you asking for the car?

    2.
    quererse v pron (recípr)

    se quieren como hermanos — they're so close, they're like brothers

    * * *
    = want, be after, wanna [want to].
    Nota: Contracción de want to usada en el lenguaje coloquial.
    Ex. On other occasions a user wants every document or piece of information on a topic traced, and then high recall must be sought, to the detriment of precision.
    Ex. Silas H Berry told his colleagues at the New York Library Club: 'It is so hard to get a reader to tell what he is really after'.
    Ex. When McCall finished his book by saying, 'It makes me wanna holler and throw up my hands,' he almost described my reaction perfectly.
    ----
    * ¡Dios no lo quiera! = God forbid.
    * cuantas veces se quiera = any number of times.
    * cuantos + Nombre + se quiera = any number of + Nombre.
    * dos no se pelean si uno no quiere = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * enterarse de lo que Uno quiere decir = get + Posesivo + drift.
    * esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.
    * expresar lo que Uno quiere decir = make + Posesivo + point.
    * hacer lo que Uno quiera = get away with + murder.
    * hacerse querer = endear.
    * ¡No, por lo que más quieras! = Not on your life!.
    * no querer saber más nada de = drop + Nombre + like a hot potato, drop + Nombre + like a hot brick.
    * no querer saber nada de = want + nothing to do with.
    * no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.
    * no queriendo + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.
    * ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.
    * que quiere(n) = of + Posesivo + choosing, of + Posesivo + choice.
    * queramos o no = like it or not, like them or not.
    * querer decir = mean.
    * querer el oro y el moro = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * quererlo todo = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * querer tenerlo todo = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * querer tetas y sopas = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * quien algo quiere algo le cuesta = no pain, no gain.
    * quien quiera peces que se moje el culo = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.
    * quiera Dios que = God willing.
    * si Dios quiere = God willing.
    * siempre querer más = enough + be + not/never + enough.
    * sin querer = involuntarily, unwilling, by accident, accidentally, unintentionally, unwantedly.
    * sin querer + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.
    * sin quererlo = unwantedly.
    * si se quiere que + Nombre + sea = if + Nombre + be + to be.
    * * *
    I
    masculino love
    II 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( amar) to love

    se hace querer — she/he endears herself/himself to people

    me quiere, no me quiere — ( al deshojar una margarita) she loves me, she loves me not

    por lo que más quieras! — for pity's sake!, for God's sake!

    2)
    a) (expresando deseo, intención, voluntad)

    quisiera una cerveza/habitación doble — I'd like a beer/double room

    ¿qué más quieres? — what more do you want?

    hazlo cuando/como quieras — do it whenever/however you like

    quiera o no quiera — whether she/he likes it or not

    será muy listo y todo lo que tú quieras, pero... — he may be very smart and all that, but...

    tráemelo mañana ¿quieres? — bring it tomorrow, will you?

    querer + INF — to want to + inf

    querer QUE alguien+ SUBJ — to want somebody to + inf

    ¿y qué querías que hiciera? — so what did you expect me to do o what was I supposed to do?

    qué quieres que te diga...! — quite honestly o frankly...

    ¿quieres un café/algo de beber? — would you like o (less frml) do you want a coffee/something to drink?

    querer + INF: ¿quieres pasarme el pan? could you pass me the bread, please?; ¿querrías hacerme un favor? would you mind doing me a favor?; ¿te quieres callar? — be quiet, will you?

    como quiera que haya sido... — whatever happened o it doesn't matter what happened...

    queriendo: lo hizo queriendo she/he did it on purpose o deliberately; sin querer accidentally; perdona, fue sin querer sorry, it was an accident o I didn't mean to; querer decir to mean; ¿qué quieres decir con eso? what do you mean by that?; está como quiere! — (Esp, Méx fam) (es muy guapo, guapa) he's/she's hot stuff! (colloq); ( tiene mucha suerte) some people have got it made (colloq)

    querer algo POR algo: ¿cuánto quieres por el coche? — how much do you want o are you asking for the car?

    2.
    quererse v pron (recípr)

    se quieren como hermanos — they're so close, they're like brothers

    * * *
    = want, be after, wanna [want to].
    Nota: Contracción de want to usada en el lenguaje coloquial.

    Ex: On other occasions a user wants every document or piece of information on a topic traced, and then high recall must be sought, to the detriment of precision.

    Ex: Silas H Berry told his colleagues at the New York Library Club: 'It is so hard to get a reader to tell what he is really after'.
    Ex: When McCall finished his book by saying, 'It makes me wanna holler and throw up my hands,' he almost described my reaction perfectly.
    * ¡Dios no lo quiera! = God forbid.
    * cuantas veces se quiera = any number of times.
    * cuantos + Nombre + se quiera = any number of + Nombre.
    * dos no se pelean si uno no quiere = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * enterarse de lo que Uno quiere decir = get + Posesivo + drift.
    * esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.
    * expresar lo que Uno quiere decir = make + Posesivo + point.
    * hacer lo que Uno quiera = get away with + murder.
    * hacerse querer = endear.
    * ¡No, por lo que más quieras! = Not on your life!.
    * no querer saber más nada de = drop + Nombre + like a hot potato, drop + Nombre + like a hot brick.
    * no querer saber nada de = want + nothing to do with.
    * no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.
    * no queriendo + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.
    * ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.
    * que quiere(n) = of + Posesivo + choosing, of + Posesivo + choice.
    * queramos o no = like it or not, like them or not.
    * querer decir = mean.
    * querer el oro y el moro = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * querer es poder = where there's a will there's a way.
    * quererlo todo = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * querer tenerlo todo = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * querer tetas y sopas = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * quien algo quiere algo le cuesta = no pain, no gain.
    * quien quiera peces que se moje el culo = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.
    * quiera Dios que = God willing.
    * si Dios quiere = God willing.
    * siempre querer más = enough + be + not/never + enough.
    * sin querer = involuntarily, unwilling, by accident, accidentally, unintentionally, unwantedly.
    * sin querer + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.
    * sin quererlo = unwantedly.
    * si se quiere que + Nombre + sea = if + Nombre + be + to be.

    * * *
    love
    sufre por culpa de un querer he is suffering because of an unhappy love affair
    las penas del querer the pangs of love
    ¡niña de mi querer! my dear child!
    querer2 [ E24 ]
    vt
    A (amar) to love
    me gusta, pero no lo quiero I like him, but I don't love him o I'm not in love with him
    quiere mucho a sus sobrinos/su país he loves his nephews/his country very much
    quiere con locura a su nieta she absolutely dotes on her granddaughter
    es una persona que se hace querer he's the sort of person who endears himself to you
    sus alumnos lo quieren mucho his pupils are very fond of him, he's well liked by his pupils
    me quiere, no me quiere (al deshojar una margarita) she loves me, she loves me not
    ¡por lo que más quieras! ¡no me abandones! for pity's sake o for God's sake! don't leave me!
    ¡Antonio, por lo que más quieras! ¡baja el volumen! Antonio, turn the volume down, for heaven's sake o for goodness sake!
    querer bien a algn to be fond of sb, care about sb
    querer mal a algn to have it in for sb ( colloq)
    quien bien te quiere te hará llorar sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind
    B
    1
    (expresando deseo, intención, voluntad): quiere un tren para su cumpleaños he wants a train for his birthday
    ¿que querían, chicas? can I help you, girls?, what can I do for you, girls?
    quería un kilo de uvas I'd like a kilo of grapes
    quisiera una habitación doble I'd like a double room
    no sabe lo que quiere she doesn't know what she wants
    haz lo que quieras do as you like, do as you please
    ¿qué más quieres? what more do you want?
    ¿cuándo/cómo lo podemos hacer? — cuando/como tú quieras when/how can we do it? — whenever/however you like o any time/any way you like
    ¿nos vemos a las siete? — como quieras shall we meet at seven? — if you like
    quiera o no quiera, tendrá que hacerlo he'll have to do it, whether he likes it or not
    iba a llamar al médico pero él no quiso I was going to call the doctor but he wouldn't let me o he said no
    ¿quieres por esposo a Diego Sosa Díaz? — sí, quiero will/do you take Diego Sosa Díaz to be your lawfully wedded husband? — I will/do
    ¿qué querrán esta vez? I wonder what they want this time
    será muy listo y todo lo que tú quieras, pero es insoportable he may be very smart and all that, but personally I can't stand him
    tráemelo mañana ¿quieres? bring it tomorrow, will you?
    dejemos esto para otro día ¿quieres? let's leave this for another day, shall we o can we?
    querer + INF to want to + INF
    ¿quiere usted hacer algún comentario? do you want to o ( frml) do you wish to make any comment?
    no sé si querrá hacerlo I don't know if she'll want to do it o if she'll do it
    hacía tiempo que quería decírselo I'd been meaning/wanting to tell him for some time
    quisiera reservar una mesa para dos I'd like to book a table for two
    quisiera poder ayudarte I wish I could help you
    ¡ya quisiera yo estar en su lugar! I'd change places with him any day!
    no creo que quiera prestártelo I don't think she'll (be willing to) lend it to you
    cuando se quiera dar cuenta será demasiado tarde by the time he realizes it'll be too late
    nosotros nos fuimos temprano pero él quiso quedarse we left early but he stayed/decided to stay/ wanted to stay/chose to stay
    no quiso escuchar razones he wouldn't listen to reason
    no quiso comer nada she wouldn't eat anything, she refused to eat anything
    quería hacerlo sola pero no habría podido she wanted to do it on her own but she wouldn't have been able to
    quiso hacerlo sola pero no pudo she tried to do it on her own but she couldn't
    querer QUE algn/algo + SUBJ to want sb/sth to + INF
    quisiera que alguien me explicara por qué could someone please explain why?
    ¿qué quieres que traiga? what do you want o what would you like me to bring?
    ¿por qué lo dejaste entrar? — ¿qué querías que hiciera? why did you let him in? — what did you expect me to do o what was I supposed to do?
    quiso que nos quedáramos a cenar y no tuvimos más remedio she insisted we stay for dinner and we couldn't say no o we couldn't refuse
    ¿tú quieres que acabemos en la cárcel? do you want us to end up in jail?, are you trying to get us put in jail?
    la etiqueta quiere que uno lleve sombrero etiquette requires one to wear a hat
    su teoría quiere que … his theory has it that …
    querer es poder where there's a will there's a way
    2 ( en locs):
    (ya que, como) ( liter) since
    como quiera que haya sido, creo que deberías disculparte whatever happened o it doesn't matter what happened, I still think you should apologize
    ¡qué quieres que te diga …! quite honestly o frankly …
    ¡qué quieres que (le) haga! what can you do?
    ya sé que no debería fumar, pero no puedo dejarlo ¡qué quieres que le haga! I know I shouldn't smoke but well, what can you do? I can't give up
    quieras que no ( fam): quieras que no, ha ido mejorando desde que fue al curandero believe it or not, she's been getting better ever since she went to see that faith healer
    la decisión, quieras que no, nos va a afectar a todos whether we like it or not, the decision is going to affect us all, there's no getting away from the fact that the decision is going to affect us all
    quieras que no, yo he notado la diferencia I have to say o admit that it's made a difference
    el quiero y no puedo: con ese quiero y no puedo inspiran hasta lástima it's rather pathetic how they're always trying to be something they aren't
    ¡está como quiere! (Esp, Méx fam); (es muy guapo, guapa) he's/she's hot stuff! ( colloq), he's/she's a bit of all right! ( BrE colloq); (tiene mucha suerte) some people have got it made ( colloq)
    3
    (al ofrecer algo): ¿quieres algo de beber? would you like o ( less frml) do you want something to drink?
    ¿quieres pasarme el pan? could you pass me the bread, please?
    ¿querrías hacerme un favor? would you mind doing me a favor?
    ¿te quieres callar? will you be quiet?, be quiet, will you?
    ¿quieres hacerme el favor de no interrumpirme? would you please stop interrupting me?
    ¿quieres decirme qué has hecho con mi abrigo? would you mind telling me what you've done with my coat?
    5 (como precio) querer algo POR algo:
    ¿cuánto quieres por el coche? how much do you want o are you asking for the car?
    6
    queriendo/sin querer: estoy segura de que lo hizo queriendo I'm sure he did it on purpose o deliberately
    perdona, fue sin querer sorry, it was an accident o I didn't mean to
    no te pongas así, lo hizo sin querer don't be like that, he didn't do it deliberately o on purpose
    7
    querer decir to mean
    ¿qué quiere decir `democracia'? what does `democracy' mean?
    ¿qué quieres decir con eso? what do you mean by that?
    8
    (referido a cosas inanimadas): el coche no quiere arrancar the car won't start
    el destino quiso que se volvieran a encontrar they were destined to meet again
    parece que quiere llover/nevar it looks as if it's going to rain/snow, it looks like rain/snow
    hace horas que quiere salir el sol the sun's been trying to break through for hours
    se quieren como hermanos they're like brothers
    hombre, si se quieren ¿por qué no han de casarse? well, if they love each other, why shouldn't they get married?
    * * *

     

    querer ( conjugate querer) verbo transitivo ( amar) to love;

    sus alumnos lo quieren mucho his pupils are very fond of him;
    ¡por lo que más quieras! for pity's sake!, for God's sake!
    1
    a) (expresando deseo, intención, voluntad):


    quisiera una habitación doble I'd like a double room;
    ¿qué más quieres? what more do you want?;
    hazlo cuando/como quieras do it whenever/however you like;
    iba a hacerlo pero él no quiso I was going to do it but he didn't want me to;
    tráemelo mañana ¿quieres? bring it tomorrow, will you?;
    no quiero I don't want to;
    quiero ir I want to go;
    quisiera reservar una mesa I'd like to book a table;
    quisiera poder ayudarte I wish I could help you;
    no quiso comer nada she wouldn't eat anything;
    quiero que estudies más I want you to study harder;
    ¡qué quieres que te diga …! quite honestly o frankly …;
    el destino así lo quiso it was destined to be;
    querer es poder where there's a will there's a way

    ◊ ¿quieres un café? would you like a coffee?;


    ( menos formal) do you want a coffee?

    ◊ ¿querrías hacerme un favor? could you do me a favor?;

    ¿te quieres callar? be quiet, will you?
    2 ( en locs)

    donde quiera que wherever;
    queriendo ( adrede) on purpose, deliberately;
    sin querer accidentally;
    fue sin querer it was an accident;
    querer decir to mean;
    ¿qué quieres decir con eso? what do you mean by that?
    3 ( como precio):
    ◊ ¿cuánto quieres por el coche? how much do you want o are you asking for the car?

    quererse verbo pronominal ( recípr):

    querer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (a alguien) to love
    2 (algo) to want, wish ➣ Ver nota en want
    3 (intención, ruego, ofrecimiento) to like: ¿quieres otra taza de té?, would you like another cup of tea?
    ¿quieres callarte?, will you shut up?
    II sustantivo masculino love, affection
    ♦ Locuciones: quieras o no, tendrás que oírme, you'll have to listen to me, whether you want to or not
    querer decir, to mean
    ser algo un quiero y no puedo, to try to make people think that one is more affluent than one actually is
    como quiera que, since: como quiera que no pueden vernos, no saben qué aspecto tenemos, since they can't see us, they don't know what we look like
    sin querer, unintentionally, by accident

    ' querer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adorar
    - berrido
    - decir
    - desabrocharse
    - desear
    - significar
    - gustar
    - ofrecer
    - pisar
    - pisotón
    - querré
    - quiera
    - quise
    - sin
    English:
    accident
    - accidentally
    - attached
    - blurt out
    - cherish
    - chew
    - clear
    - delete
    - endear
    - fancy
    - feel
    - hand
    - like
    - love
    - mean
    - mistake
    - off
    - please
    - slip out
    - truck
    - unintentionally
    - unwittingly
    - want
    - will
    - wish
    - aim
    - care
    - denial
    - inadvertently
    - intend
    - unwilling
    - way
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [amar] to love;
    te quiero I love you;
    lo quiero como a un hermano I love him like a brother;
    es muy querida por todo el mundo she is much loved by everyone;
    me quiere, no me quiere [deshojando margarita] she loves me, she loves me not;
    ¡por lo que más quieras, cállate! for heaven's sake shut up!;
    querer bien a alguien to care a lot about sb;
    querer mal a alguien to wish sb ill;
    quien bien te quiere te hará llorar you have to be cruel to be kind
    2. [desear] to want;
    quiero una bicicleta I want a bicycle;
    dime lo que quieres tell me what you want;
    lo único que quiero o [m5] todo lo que quiero es un poco de comprensión all I want o all I ask for is a little understanding;
    ¿qué es lo que quieres ahora? [con tono de enojo] what do you want now?, what is it now?;
    haz lo que quieras do what you want o like, do as you please o like;
    querer hacer algo to want to do sth;
    quiere explicártelo, te lo quiere explicar she wants to explain it to you;
    no quiso ayudarnos she didn't want to help us;
    era muy tarde pero tú querías quedarte it was very late, but you insisted on staying o would stay o you wanted to stay;
    quisiera informarme o [m5] que me informaran sobre vuelos a Nueva York I'd like some information about flights to New York;
    quisiera hacerlo, pero… I'd like to do it, but…;
    ¡eso quisiera yo saber! that's what I want to know!;
    ¡ya quisieran muchos tener tu suerte! a lot of people would be very grateful to be as lucky as you!;
    el maldito clavo no quiere salir the damn nail won't o refuses to come out;
    querer que alguien haga algo to want sb to do sth;
    quiero que lo hagas tú I want you to do it;
    querer que pase algo to want sth to happen;
    queremos que las cosas te vayan bien we want things to go well for you;
    el azar quiso que nos volviéramos a ver fate decreed that we should see each other again;
    como quien no quiere la cosa as if it were nothing;
    qué quieres que te diga, a mí me parece caro to be honest, it seems expensive to me, what can I say? it seems expensive to me;
    ¡qué quieres que haga! what am I supposed to do?;
    alto, guapo y todo lo que tú quieras, pero no me gusta sure, he's tall, handsome and all that, but I don't find him attractive;
    el que algo quiere, algo le cuesta no pain, no gain
    3. [en preguntas, ofrecimientos, ruegos] [con amabilidad]
    ¿quieren ustedes algo más/algo de postre? would you like anything else/anything for dessert?;
    ¿quieres un pitillo? do you want a cigarette?;
    ¿quiere decirle a su amigo que pase? could you tell your friend to come in, please?;
    ¿querrías explicarme qué ha pasado aquí? would you mind explaining what happened here?;
    ¿quieres por esposo a Francisco? do you take Francisco to be your lawfully wedded husband?
    4. [pedir]
    querer algo (por) to want sth (for);
    ¿cuánto quieres por la casa? how much do you want for the house?
    5. Irónico [dar motivos para]
    tú lo que quieres es que te pegue you're asking for a smack;
    ¿quieres que te atropelle el tren o qué? do you want to get run over by a train or something?
    6. [en naipes] [aceptar apuesta]
    quiero tus cinco mil I'll see your five thousand
    ♦ vi
    to want;
    ven cuando quieras come whenever you like o want;
    cuando quieras [estoy listo] ready when you are;
    no me voy porque no quiero I'm not going because I don't want to;
    si quieres, lo dejamos we can forget about it if you like;
    quieras o no, quieras que no (whether you) like it or not;
    pásame el martillo, ¿quieres? pass me the hammer, would you?;
    déjame en paz, ¿quieres? leave me alone, will you?;
    Fam
    le pedí que lo dejara, pero que si quieres I asked him to stop, but would he?;
    queriendo on purpose;
    ha sido queriendo he did it on purpose;
    hacer algo sin querer to do sth accidentally;
    lo siento, ha sido sin querer sorry, it was an accident;
    querer decir to mean;
    ¿qué quieres decir con eso? what do you mean by that?;
    ¿sabes lo que quiere decir “procrastination”? do you know what “procrastination” means?;
    “NB” quiere decir “nota bene” “NB” stands for “nota bene”;
    Fam
    está como quiere [es guapísimo] he's gorgeous;
    [en una situación ideal] he's got it made;
    querer es poder where there's a will there's a way
    ♦ v impersonal
    [haber atisbos de]
    parece que quiere llover it looks like rain
    ♦ nm
    [amor] love;
    las cosas del querer matters of the heart
    * * *
    1 v/t
    1 ( desear) want;
    quisiera … I would like …;
    quieras que no … like it or not …;
    sin querer unintentionally
    2 ( amar) love;
    querer bien a alguien be fond of s.o.;
    querer mal a alguien not care for s.o.;
    por lo que más quieras for pity’s sake, for the love of God
    3 ( esperar)
    :
    ¡qué más quieres! what more do you want o expect!;
    ¿qué quieres que (le) haga? what do you expect me to do?
    4
    :
    quiere decir it means;
    ¡que si quieres! irón no way!
    5
    :
    2 m love
    * * *
    querer {64} vt
    1) desear: to want, to desire
    quiere ser profesor: he wants to be a teacher
    ¿cuánto quieres por esta computadora?: how much do you want for this computer?
    2) : to love, to like, to be fond of
    te quiero: I love you
    ¿quieres pasarme la leche?: please pass the milk
    4)
    querer decir : to mean
    5)
    sin querer : unintentionally
    querer vi
    : like, want
    si quieras: if you like
    querer nm
    : love, affection
    * * *
    querer vb
    1. (desear) to want
    En inglés I want resulta demasiado directo si queremos pedir algo con educación. En estos casos se suele decir I'd like con please
    I'd like a kilo of potatoes, please quiero un kilo de patatas
    Para pedir que alguien haga algo, se dice could you o would you con please
    could you pass me the salt, please? ¿quieres acercarme la sal?
    would you please be quiet? ¿quieres callarte?
    could you close the door, please? cierra la puerta, ¿quieres?
    2. (amar) to love
    lo hice sin querer I didn't mean to do it / it was an accident
    querer decir to mean [pt. & pp. meant]
    ¿qué quiere decir "chance"? what does "chance" mean?
    ¿qué quieres decir con eso? what do you mean by that?

    Spanish-English dictionary > querer

  • 8 saber

    m.
    knowledge.
    El saber es un tesoro Knowledge is priceless.
    v.
    1 to know.
    ya lo sé I know
    de haberlo sabido (antes) o si lo llego a saber, me quedo en casa if I'd known, I'd have stayed at home
    hacer saber algo a alguien to inform somebody of something, to tell somebody something
    para que lo sepas, somos amigos we're friends, for your information
    Ellos saben de eso They know about that.
    Ellos saben la información They know the information.
    2 to learn, to find out (enterarse de).
    lo supe ayer I found out yesterday
    ¿sabes algo de Juan?, ¿qué sabes de Juan? have you had any news from o heard from Juan?
    3 to know about (entender de).
    sabe mucha física he knows a lot about physics
    4 to taste.
    saber bien/mal to taste good/bad
    saber a cuernos o rayos (informal figurative) to taste disgusting o revolting
    le supo mal (figurative) it upset o annoyed him (le enfadó)
    Esto sabe bien This tastes good.
    5 to know how to, to know, to know to.
    Ellos saben pintar They know how to paint.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    sabe (tú), sepa (él/Vd.), sepamos (nos.), sabed (vos.), sepan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    1. verb
    2) can
    •
    - saber a 2. noun m.
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=tener conocimiento de)
    a) [+ dato, información] to know

    sin saberlo yo — without my knowledge, without me knowing

    • hacer saber algo a algn — to inform sb of sth, let sb know about sth

    quiero hacerle saber que... — I would like to inform o advise you that...

    el motivo de esta carta es hacerle saber que... — I am writing to inform o advise you that...

    b) [locuciones]

    • a saber — namely

    dos planetas, a saber, Venus y la Tierra — two planets, namely Venus and Earth

    • ¡ anda a saber! — LAm God knows!

    • demasiado bien sé que... — I know only too well that...

    ¡no lo sabes bien! — * not half! *

    • cualquiera sabe si... — it's anybody's guess whether...

    • ¡de haberlo sabido! — if only I'd known!

    • lo dudo, pero nunca se sabe — I doubt it, but you never know

    • para que lo sepas — let me tell you, for your information

    • que yo sepa — as far as I know

    • un no sé qué — a certain something

    • ¡ quién sabe! — who knows!

    ¿quién sabe? — who knows?, who can tell?, who's to say?

    • ¡si lo sabré yo! — I should know!

    • tú sabrás (lo que haces) — I suppose you know (what you're doing)

    ¿tú qué sabes? — what do you know about it?

    • ¡ vete a saber! — God knows!

    ¡vete a saber de dónde ha venido! — goodness only knows where he came from!

    • ya lo sabía yo — I thought as much

    • ¡yo qué sé!, ¡qué sé yo! — how should I know!, search me! *

    Briján
    2) (=enterarse de) to find out

    en cuanto lo supimos fuimos a ayudarle — as soon as we found out, we went to help him

    cuando lo supe — when I heard o found out about it

    3) (=tener noticias) to hear
    4) (=tener destreza en)

    ¿sabes ruso? — do you speak Russian?, can you speak Russian?

    no sé nada de cocina — I don't know anything about cookery, I know nothing about cookery

    • saber hacer algo, sabe cuidar de sí mismo — he can take care of himself, he knows how to take care of himself

    ¿sabes nadar? — can you swim?

    ¿sabes ir? — do you know the way?

    5) LAm

    no sabe venir por aquí — he doesn't usually come this way, he's not in the habit of coming along here

    2. VI
    1) (=tener conocimiento)

    • saber de algo — to know of sth

    hace mucho que no sabemos de ella — it's quite a while since we heard from her, we haven't had any news from her for quite a while

    2) (=estar enterado) to know

    costó muy caro, ¿sabe usted? — it was very expensive, you know

    un 5% no sabe, no contesta — there were 5% "don't knows"

    3) (=tener sabor) to taste

    • saber a — to taste of

    saberle mal a algn —

    me supo muy mal lo que hicieron — I didn't like what they did, I wasn't pleased o didn't feel good about what they did

    no me sabe mal que un amigo me gaste bromas — I don't mind a friend playing jokes on me, it doesn't bother me having a friend play jokes on me

    3.
    See:
    SABER Por regla general, si saber va seguido de un infinitivo, se traduce por can cuando indica una habilidad permanente y por know how cuando se trata de la capacidad de resolver un problema concreto. La construcción correspondiente habrá de ser can + ((INFINITIVO)) {sin} to {o} know how + ((INFINITIVO)) {con} to: Jaime sabe tocar el piano Jaime can play the piano ¿Sabes cambiar una rueda? Do you know how to change a wheel? Hay que tener en cuenta que know (sin how) nunca puede ir seguido directamente de un infinitivo en inglés. Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    I
    masculino knowledge
    II 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <nombre/dirección/canción> to know

    así que or conque ya lo sabes — so now you know

    para que lo sepas, yo no miento — (fam) for your information, I don't tell lies

    cállate ¿tú qué sabes? — shut up! what do you know about it?

    yo qué sé dónde está! — how (on earth) should I know where he/it is! (colloq)

    no se sabe si... — they don't know if...

    ¿a que no sabes qué? — (fam) you'll never guess what

    hacerle saber algo a alguien — (frml) to inform somebody of something

    b) ( darse cuenta de) to know

    saber + inf — to know how to + inf

    ¿sabes nadar/escribir a máquina? — can you swim/type?, do you know how to swim/type?

    sabe defenderse — she knows how to o she can look after herself

    3) ( enterarse) to find out

    si es así, pronto se va a saber — if that's the case, we'll know o find out soon enough

    cómo iba yo a saber que...! — how was I to know that...!

    ¿se puede saber por qué? — may I ask why?

    ¿y tú dónde estabas, si se puede saber? — and where were you, I'd like to know?

    4)

    a saber — (frml) namely

    2.
    saber vi
    1)
    a) ( tener conocimiento) to know

    vete tú/vaya usted a saber — but who knows

    ¿quién sabe? — who knows?

    saber de algo/alguien — to know of something/somebody

    b) (tener noticias, enterarse)

    saber de alguien/algo: no sé nada de ella desde hace más de un mes I haven't heard from her for over a month; yo supe del accidente por la radio I heard about the accident on the radio; no quiero saber de él — I want nothing to do with him

    2)
    a) ( tener sabor) (+ compl) to taste

    sabe dulce/bien/amargo — it tastes sweet/nice/bitter

    saberle mal/bien a alguien: no le supo nada bien que ella bailara con otro he wasn't at all pleased that she danced with someone else; me sabe mal tener que decírselo — I don't like having to tell him

    3.
    saberse v pron (enf) <lección/poema> to know
    * * *
    I
    masculino knowledge
    II 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <nombre/dirección/canción> to know

    así que or conque ya lo sabes — so now you know

    para que lo sepas, yo no miento — (fam) for your information, I don't tell lies

    cállate ¿tú qué sabes? — shut up! what do you know about it?

    yo qué sé dónde está! — how (on earth) should I know where he/it is! (colloq)

    no se sabe si... — they don't know if...

    ¿a que no sabes qué? — (fam) you'll never guess what

    hacerle saber algo a alguien — (frml) to inform somebody of something

    b) ( darse cuenta de) to know

    saber + inf — to know how to + inf

    ¿sabes nadar/escribir a máquina? — can you swim/type?, do you know how to swim/type?

    sabe defenderse — she knows how to o she can look after herself

    3) ( enterarse) to find out

    si es así, pronto se va a saber — if that's the case, we'll know o find out soon enough

    cómo iba yo a saber que...! — how was I to know that...!

    ¿se puede saber por qué? — may I ask why?

    ¿y tú dónde estabas, si se puede saber? — and where were you, I'd like to know?

    4)

    a saber — (frml) namely

    2.
    saber vi
    1)
    a) ( tener conocimiento) to know

    vete tú/vaya usted a saber — but who knows

    ¿quién sabe? — who knows?

    saber de algo/alguien — to know of something/somebody

    b) (tener noticias, enterarse)

    saber de alguien/algo: no sé nada de ella desde hace más de un mes I haven't heard from her for over a month; yo supe del accidente por la radio I heard about the accident on the radio; no quiero saber de él — I want nothing to do with him

    2)
    a) ( tener sabor) (+ compl) to taste

    sabe dulce/bien/amargo — it tastes sweet/nice/bitter

    saberle mal/bien a alguien: no le supo nada bien que ella bailara con otro he wasn't at all pleased that she danced with someone else; me sabe mal tener que decírselo — I don't like having to tell him

    3.
    saberse v pron (enf) <lección/poema> to know
    * * *
    saber1

    Ex: It is the responsibility of educators to stretch their student's intellects, hone their skills of intuitive judgment and synthesis, and build a love of learning that will sustain them beyond the level of formal education.

    * ansia de saber = thirst for knowledge.
    * a + Posesivo + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * a + Posesivo + saber y entender = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge and belief.
    * cúmulo de saber = knowledge repository, repository of knowledge.
    * hasta donde + Pronombre + saber = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * institución del saber = institution of learning.
    * no querer saber más nada de = drop + Nombre + like a hot potato.
    * por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * rama del saber = branch of learning.
    * saber escuchar = listening capacity.

    saber2
    2 = know, learn, find out.

    Ex: However, in general, it is unreasonable to expect a user to know the ISBN of a book.

    Ex: 'I'd be disappointed to learn that my boss or subordinates -- or peers for that matter -- told tales out of school about me to others'.
    Ex: For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.
    * a saber = namely, viz, to wit.
    * capacidad de saber leer y escribir = literacy skills.
    * curioso por saber = interrogator.
    * de quién sabe dónde = out of the woodwork.
    * hacer saber = let + Nombre + know, let + it be known.
    * hacer saber la intención de uno = announce + intention.
    * nada sabe mejor que sentirse delgado = nothing tastes as good as thin feels.
    * no querer saber más nada de = drop + Nombre + like a hot brick.
    * no querer saber nada de = want + nothing to do with.
    * no saber cómo explicarlo = be at a loss to explain it.
    * no saber cómo seguir = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no saber de = have + no understanding of.
    * no saber dónde meterse de vergüenza = squirm with + embarrassment.
    * no saber expresarse bien = inarticulateness.
    * no saber más por ello = be none the wiser.
    * no saber qué contestar = stump.
    * no saber qué decir = be at a loss for words, be lost for words.
    * no saber qué hacer = be at a loss, get out of + Posesivo + depth, be on the horns of a dilemma, be at a nonplus.
    * no saber qué hacer a continuación = draw + a blank, be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no saber qué hacer con = be at sixes and sevens with.
    * no saber qué más hacer = be at + Posesivo + wit's end.
    * no saberse cuándo = there + be + no telling when.
    * no se sabe todavía = the jury is still out (on).
    * nunca se sabe... = one never knows....
    * persona que sabe contar anécdotas = raconteur.
    * por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * que sabe lo que = who knows what.
    * ¿quién sabe? = who knows?.
    * quién sabe lo que = who knows what.
    * quién sabe qué = who knows what.
    * saber a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * saber a ciencia cierta que = know + for a fact that.
    * saber argumentar Algo convincentemente = make + a business case.
    * saber buscar con inteligencia = be search-savvy.
    * saber con certeza = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * saber contestar muy bien = be not at a loss for words.
    * saber cúal es la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * saber de algún modo = know + on some grounds.
    * saber de buena boca = have + it on good word.
    * saber de buena tinta = have + it on good word.
    * saber defenderse = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * saber de lo que Uno estar hablando = know + Posesivo + stuff.
    * saber de seguro = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * saber escuchar = listening skills.
    * saber hacer = savoir faire.
    * saber hacer cuentas = be numerate.
    * saber interiormente = know + underneath.
    * saber leer y escribir = be literate.
    * saberlo todo = be omniscient.
    * saberse Algo al dedillo = know + Nombre + inside-out, learn + Nombre + inside-out.
    * saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * sabiendo diferenciar entre lo que vale y lo que no = discriminatingly.
    * sabiendo que = on the understanding that.
    * salir de quién sabe dónde = come out of + the woodwork.
    * ser una incógnita = be anyone's guess.
    * sin saberlo = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.
    * sin saber qué decir = nonplussed [nonplused].
    * un no sé qué = a je ne sais quoi.
    * y Dios sabe qué más = and Heaven knows what else.

    saber3
    3 = taste.

    Ex: Professional skills are enhanced by the opportunity which IFLA provides to taste the cultures of other countries in a very accessible (dare I say privileged?) way.

    * saber a = reek of.

    * * *
    knowledge
    un compendio del saber humano a compendium of human knowledge
    una persona de gran saber a person of great learning
    el saber no ocupa lugar one can never know too much
    saber2 [ E25 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹nombre/dirección/chiste/canción› to know
    (ya) lo sé, pero aun así … I know, but even so …
    quizás sea así, no lo sé that might be the case, I don't know
    así que or conque ya lo sabes so now you know
    ¡no le habrás dicho nada de aquello que tú sabes! you didn't tell him anything about you know what, did you?
    no sabía que tenía or tuviera hijos I didn't know he had (any) children
    ¿sabes lo que me dijo? do you know what he said to me?
    ¿sabes lo que te digo? ¡que me tienes harta! you know something? I'm fed up with you!
    para que lo sepas, yo no miento ( fam); for your information, I don't tell lies
    es tan latoso … — ¡si lo sabré yo! he's such a nuisance — don't I know it!
    cállate ¿tú qué sabes? shut up! what do you know about it?
    ¡yo qué sé dónde está tu diccionario! how (on earth) should I know where your dictionary is! ( colloq)
    no se sabe si se salvará they don't know if he'll pull through
    no sabía dónde meterme I didn't know where to put myself
    no supe qué decir I didn't know what to say
    mira, no sé qué decirte look, I really don't know what to say
    no lo saben a ciencia cierta they don't know for certain
    ¿a que no sabes a quién vi? ( fam); I bet you don't know who I saw ( colloq), you'll never guess who I saw
    quién or cualquiera sabe dónde estará goodness only knows where it is
    un tal Ricardo no sé cuántos ( fam); Ricardo something-or-other ( colloq)
    le salió con no sé qué historias ( fam); he came out with some story or other
    tiene un no sé qué que la hace muy atractiva she has a certain something that makes her very attractive
    ese hombre tiene un no sé qué que me cae mal there's something about that man I don't like
    me da no sé qué tener que decirte esto I feel very awkward about having to say this to you
    ya no viven allí, que yo sepa as far as I know, they don't live there anymore
    ¿tiene antecedentes? — que yo sepa no does she have any previous convictions? — not that I know of
    —¿quién es ése? —quiso saber who's that? he wanted to know
    sé muy poco de ese tema I know very little about the subject
    sabe mucho sobre la segunda guerra mundial he knows a lot about the Second World War
    2
    hacerle saber algo a algn ( frml): nos hizo saber su decisión he informed us of his decision
    por la presente deseo hacerle saber que … ( Corresp) I am pleased to advise you o to be able to inform you that …
    la directiva hace saber a los señores socios que … the board wishes to inform members o advises members that …
    3 (darse cuenta) to know
    ¡tú no sabes lo que es esto! you can't imagine what it's like!
    está furiosa, no sabes lo que te espera she's furious, you don't know what you're in for
    perdónalos Señor, porque no saben lo que hacen ( Bib) forgive them, Lord, for they know not what they do
    B (ser capaz de) saber + INF:
    ¿sabes nadar/cocinar/escribir a máquina? can you swim/cook/type?
    ya sabe leer y escribir she can already read and write
    sabe escuchar she's a good listener
    no saben perder they're bad losers
    no sabe tratar con la gente he doesn't know how to deal with people
    no te preocupes, ella sabe defenderse don't worry, she knows how to o she can look after herself
    este niño no sabe estarse quieto this child is incapable of keeping still o just can't keep still
    C
    a saber ( frml); namely
    lo forman cuatro países, a saber: Suecia, Noruega, Dinamarca y Finlandia it is made up of four countries, namely Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland
    D (enterarse) to find out
    no lo supimos hasta ayer we didn't find out until yesterday
    lo supe por mi hermana I found out about it through my sister, I heard about it o ( frml) learned of it through my sister
    si es así, pronto se va a saber if that's the case, we'll know soon enough
    ¡si yo lo hubiera sabido antes! if I had only known before!
    ¿que qué me dijo de ti? ¡no quieras saberlo! what did she say about you? don't ask! o you wouldn't want to know!
    ¿se puede saber qué estabas haciendo allí? would you mind telling me what you were doing there?
    ¿y tú dónde estabas, si se puede saber? and where were you, I'd like to know?
    ■ saber
    vi
    A
    1 to know
    ¿crees que vendrá? — supongo que sí, aunque con ella nunca se sabe do you think she'll come? — I suppose so, although you never know o you can never tell with her
    dice que ella se lo dio, vete tú/vaya usted a saber he says she gave it to him, but who knows
    no puede ser verdad — ¿quién sabe? a lo mejor sí it can't be true — who knows, it could be
    parece incapaz de eso, pero nunca se sabe or cualquiera sabe he doesn't seem capable of such a thing, but you never know
    él que sabe, sabe ( fr hecha); it's easy when you know how
    2 saber DE algo/algn to know (of) sth/sb
    yo sé de un sitio donde te lo pueden arreglar I know (of) a place where you can get it fixed
    ¿sabes de alguien que haya estado allí? do you know (of) anyone who's been there?
    3 (tener noticias) saber DE algn:
    no sé nada de ella desde hace más de un mes I haven't heard from her for over a month
    no quiero saber nada más de él I want nothing more to do with him
    B (enterarse) saber DE algo:
    yo supe del accidente por la radio I heard about the accident on the radio
    si llegas a saber de una cámara barata, avísame if you hear of a cheap camera, let me know
    A (tener sabor) (+ compl) to taste
    sabe muy dulce/bien/amargo it tastes very sweet/nice/bitter
    saber A algo to taste OF sth
    sabe a ajo/almendra it tastes of garlic/almonds, it has a garlicky/almondy taste
    esta sopa no sabe a nada this soup doesn't taste of anything o has no taste to it
    sabe a quemado/podrido it tastes burnt/rotten
    tenía tanta hambre que el arroz me supo a gloria I was so hungry the rice tasted delicious
    B
    (causar cierta impresión): saberle mal/bien a algn: no le supo nada bien que ella bailara con otro he wasn't at all pleased that she danced with someone else
    me sabe mal tener que decirle que no otra vez I don't like having to say no to him again, I feel bad having to say no to him again
    A ( enf) ( fam) (conocer) ‹lección/poema› to know
    se sabe todo el cuento de memoria he knows the whole story off by heart
    se sabe los nombres de todos los jugadores del equipo he knows the names of every player in the team
    sabérselas todas ( fam): este niño se las sabe todas this child knows every trick in the book ( colloq)
    se cree que se las sabe todas she thinks she has all the answers
    B ( refl) (saber que se es) (+ compl):
    se sabe atractiva she knows she's attractive
    * * *

     

    saber 1 sustantivo masculino
    knowledge;

    saber 2 ( conjugate saber) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹nombre/dirección/canción› to know;


    no lo sé I don't know;
    no sé cómo se llama I don't know his name;
    ¡yo qué sé! how (on earth) should I know! (colloq);
    que yo sepa as far as I know;
    saber algo de algo to know sth about sth;
    sé muy poco de ese tema I know very little about the subject;
    no sabe lo que dice he doesn't know what he's talking about


    sin que lo supiéramos without our knowing;
    ¡si yo lo hubiera sabido antes! if I had only known before!;
    ¡cómo iba yo a saber que …! how was I to know that …!
    2 ( ser capaz de):

    ¿sabes nadar? can you swim?, do you know how to swim?;
    sabe escuchar she's a good listener;
    sabe hablar varios idiomas she can speak several languages
    verbo intransitivo

    ◊ ¿quién sabe? who knows?;

    saber de algo/algn to know of sth/sb;
    yo sé de un lugar donde te lo pueden arreglar I know of a place where you can get it fixed
    b) (tener noticias, enterarse):


    yo supe del accidente por la radio I heard about the accident on the radio
    a) ( tener sabor) (+ compl) to taste;

    ◊ sabe dulce/bien it tastes sweet/nice;

    saber a algo to taste of sth;
    no sabe a nada it doesn't taste of anything;
    sabe a podrido it tastes rotten
    b) ( causar cierta impresión): me sabe mal or no me sabe bien tener que decírselo I don't like having to tell him

    saberse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹lección/poema› to know
    saber sustantivo masculino knowledge, learning, information
    saber
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (una cosa) to know: no sé su dirección, I don't know her address
    para que lo sepas, for your information
    que yo sepa, as far as I know
    2 (hacer algo) to know how to: no sabe nadar, he can't swim
    3 (capacidad, destreza) sabe dibujar muy bien, he knows how to draw really well
    4 (comportarse, reaccionar) can: no sabe aguantar una broma, she can't take a joke
    no sabe perder, he's a bad loser
    5 (tener conocimientos elevados sobre una materia) sabe mucho de música, she knows a lot about music
    6 (enterarse) to learn, find out: lo llamé en cuanto lo supe, I called him as soon as I heard about it
    7 (estar informado) sabía que te ibas a retrasar, he knew that you were going to be late
    8 (imaginar) no sabes qué frío hacía, you can't imagine how cold it was
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (sobre una materia) to know [de, of]: sé de un restaurante buenísimo, I know of a very good restaurant
    2 (tener noticias) (de alguien por él mismo) to hear from sb
    (de alguien por otros) to have news of sb
    (de un asunto) to hear about sthg
    3 (tener sabor) to taste [a, of]: este guiso sabe a quemado, this stew tastes burnt
    4 (producir agrado o desagrado) to like, please: me supo mal que no viniera, it upset me that he didn't come
    ♦ Locuciones: el saber no ocupa lugar, you can never learn too much
    me ha sabido a poco, I couldn't get enough of it
    quién sabe, who knows
    vas a saber lo que es bueno, I'll show you what's what
    vete a saber, God knows
    a saber, namely
    ' saber' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atenerse
    - ávida
    - ávido
    - básica
    - básico
    - carta
    - cojear
    - combinar
    - comparecencia
    - conjugar
    - consuelo
    - convenir
    - cuerno
    - dedillo
    - demonio
    - desconocer
    - diferenciar
    - economía
    - entender
    - estimable
    - estribar
    - eufórica
    - eufórico
    - gloria
    - impresión
    - latín
    - morbosa
    - morboso
    - puesta
    - puesto
    - relacionarse
    - sable
    - si
    - terrena
    - terreno
    - tinta
    - bien
    - ciencia
    - conocer
    - conocimiento
    - deber
    - derecho
    - experiencia
    - feo
    - hallar
    - llegar
    - lo
    - mal
    - memoria
    - porqué
    English:
    acquaint
    - aware
    - can
    - certain
    - curious
    - flounder
    - fortuneteller
    - guess
    - hand
    - hear
    - horrify
    - know
    - learning
    - namely
    - nice
    - pat
    - pride
    - should
    - taste
    - tell
    - truck
    - understand
    - unknowingly
    - wisdom
    - able
    - appreciation
    - authority
    - claim
    - copy
    - early
    - funny
    - heart
    - knowledge
    - let
    - priority
    - realize
    - reassuring
    - right
    - saber
    - sabre
    - score
    - skill
    - stump
    - suppose
    - viz
    - way
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    knowledge;
    Formal
    según mi/nuestro/ etc[m5]. leal saber y entender to the best of my/our/ etc knowledge;
    el saber no ocupa lugar you can never know too much
    ♦ vt
    1. [conocer] to know;
    ya lo sé I know;
    no lo sé I don't know;
    yo no sabía nada de eso I didn't know anything about that;
    no sabía que eras médico I didn't know you were a doctor;
    ya sé lo que vas a decir I know what you're going to say;
    de haberlo sabido (antes) o [m5]si lo llego a saber, me quedo en casa if I'd known, I'd have stayed at home;
    es de o [m5]por todos sabido que… it's common knowledge that…, everyone knows that…;
    hacer saber algo a alguien to inform sb of sth, to tell sb sth;
    para que lo sepas, somos amigos we're friends, for your information;
    ¿sabes qué (te digo)?, que no me arrepiento you know what, I don't regret it;
    si lo sabré yo, que tengo cuatro hijos you're telling me! I've got four children!;
    sin yo saberlo, sin saberlo yo without my knowledge;
    Fig
    no sabía dónde meterme I didn't know where to put myself, I wanted to crawl under a rock;
    no sabe lo que (se) hace she doesn't know what she's doing;
    no sabe lo que tiene he doesn't realize just how lucky he is;
    Fam
    te ha llamado un tal Antonio no sé cuántos there was a call for you from Antonio something or other;
    no sé qué decir I don't know what to say;
    ¡qué sé yo!, ¡y yo qué sé! how should I know!;
    ¡qué sé yo la de veces que me caí de la bici! heaven knows how many times I fell off my bike!;
    Irónico
    como te pille vas a saber lo que es bueno just wait till I get my hands on you!;
    Irónico
    cuando hagas la mili sabrás lo que es bueno you'll be in for a nasty surprise when you do your military service;
    tener un no sé qué to have a certain something;
    Fam
    y no sé qué y no sé cuántos and so on and so forth
    2. [ser capaz de]
    saber hacer algo to be able to do sth, to know how to do sth;
    ¿sabes cocinar? can you cook?;
    no sé nadar I can't swim, I don't know how to swim;
    sabe hablar inglés/montar en bici she can speak English/ride a bike;
    sabe perder he's a good loser;
    su problema es que no saben beber [beben demasiado] their problem is they don't know when to stop drinking
    3. [enterarse de] to learn, to find out;
    lo supe ayer/por los periódicos I found (it) out yesterday/in the papers;
    supe la noticia demasiado tarde I only heard the news when it was too late;
    ¿sabes algo de Juan?, ¿qué sabes de Juan? have you had any news from o heard from Juan?;
    ¿sabes algo de cuándo será el examen? have you heard anything about when the exam's going to be?
    4. [entender de] to know about;
    sabe mucha física he knows a lot about physics
    ♦ vi
    1. [tener sabor] to taste (a of);
    a mí me sabe a fresa it tastes of strawberries to me;
    sabe mucho a cebolla it has a very strong taste of onions, it tastes very strongly of onions;
    esto no sabe a nada this has no taste to it, this doesn't taste of anything;
    saber bien/mal to taste good/bad;
    ¡qué bien sabe este pan! this bread's really tasty!, this bread tastes really good!;
    esta agua sabe this water has a funny taste;
    Fam
    saber a cuerno quemado o [m5] a rayos to taste disgusting o revolting
    2. [sentar]
    le supo mal [le enfadó] it upset o annoyed him;
    me sabe mal mentirle I feel bad about lying to him;
    Fam
    saber a cuerno quemado o [m5]a rayos: sus comentarios me supieron a cuerno quemado o [m5] a rayos I thought his comments were really off
    3. [tener conocimiento] to know;
    no sé de qué me hablas I don't know what you're talking about;
    sé de una tienda que vende discos de vinilo I know of a shop that sells vinyl records;
    que yo sepa as far as I know;
    ¡quién sabe!, ¡vete (tú) a saber!, ¡vaya usted a saber! who knows!;
    pues, sabes, a mí no me importaría I wouldn't mind, you know;
    es vecino mío, ¿sabes? he's my neighbour, you know;
    Méx Fam
    ¡sepa Pancha!, ¡sepa la bola! who knows?
    4. [entender]
    saber de algo to know about sth;
    ¿tú sabes de mecánica? do you know (anything) about mechanics?;
    ése sí que sabe he's a canny one
    5. [tener noticia]
    saber de alguien to hear from sb;
    no sé de él desde hace meses I haven't heard (anything) from him for months;
    saber de algo to learn of sth;
    supe de su muerte por los periódicos I learnt of her death in the papers;
    no quiero saber (nada) de ti I don't want to have anything to do with you
    6. [parecer]
    eso me sabe a disculpa that sounds like an excuse to me;
    este postre me ha sabido a poco I could have done with the dessert being a bit bigger;
    las vacaciones me han sabido a muy poco my holidays weren't nearly long enough, I could have done with my holidays being a lot longer
    7. Am [soler]
    saber hacer algo to be in the habit of doing sth
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 know;
    hacer saber algo a alguien let s.o. know sth;
    ¿cómo lo sabes? how do you know?;
    ¡si lo sabré yo! don’t I know it!;
    ¡para que lo sepas! so there!;
    sabérselas todas fam know every trick in the book
    2 ( ser capaz de)
    :
    saber hacer algo know how to do sth, be able to do sth;
    sé nadar/leer I can swim/read;
    saber alemán know German
    3 ( enterarse) find out;
    lo supe ayer I found out yesterday
    II v/i
    1 know (de about);
    ¡vete a saber!, ¡vaya usted a saber! heaven knows;
    ¡quién sabe! who knows!;
    ¡qué sé yo! who knows?;
    que yo sepa as far as I know;
    no que yo sepa not as far as I know;
    hace mucho que no sé de ella I haven’t heard from her for a long time
    2 ( tener sabor) taste (a of);
    me sabe a quemado it tastes burnt to me;
    las vacaciones me han sabido a poco my vacation went much too quickly;
    me sabe mal fig it upsets me
    III m knowledge, learning
    IV
    :
    a saber namely
    * * *
    saber {71} vt
    1) : to know
    2) : to know how to, to be able to
    sabe tocar el violín: she can play the violin
    3) : to learn, to find out
    4)
    a saber : to wit, namely
    saber vi
    1) : to know, to suppose
    2) : to be informed
    supimos del desastre: we heard about the disaster
    3) : to taste
    esto no sabe bien: this doesn't taste right
    4)
    saber a : to taste like
    sabe a naranja: it tastes like orange
    * * *
    saber vb
    1. (en general) to know [pt. knew; pp. known]
    ¿alguien sabe lo que ha pasado? does anyone know what happened?
    2. (tener capacidad, habilidad) can [pt. could]
    ¿sabes cocinar? can you cook?
    3. (hablar) to speak [pt. spoke; pp. spoken]
    4. (tener noticias) to hear [pt. & pp. heard]
    5. (enterarse) to find out [pt. & pp. found]
    cuando supe que era su cumpleaños... when I found out it was her birthday...
    6. (tener sabor) to taste
    saber mal una cosa a alguien (disgustar, enfadar) to be upset / not to like
    vete a saber goodness knows / it's anyone's guess
    ¡yo qué sé! how should I know?

    Spanish-English dictionary > saber

  • 9 INTRODUCTION

       For a small country perched on the edge of western Europe but with an early history that began more than 2,000 years ago, there is a vast bibliography extant in many languages. Since general reference works with bibliography on Portugal are few, both principal and minor works are included. In the first edition, works in English, and a variety of Portuguese language works that are counted as significant if not always classic, were included. In the second and third editions, more works in Portuguese are added.
       It is appropriate that most of the works cited in some sections of the bibliograpy are in English, but this pattern should be put in historical perspective. Since the late 1950s, the larger proportion of foreign-language works on Portugal and the Portuguese have been in English. But this was not the case before World War II. As a whole, there were more studies in French, with a smaller number in German, Italian, and Spanish, than in English. Most of the materials published today on all aspects of this topic continue to be in Portuguese, but English-language works have come to outnumber the other non-Portuguese language studies. In addition to books useful to a variety of students, a selection of classic works of use to the visitor, tourist, and foreign resident of Portugal, as well as to those interested in Portuguese communities overseas, have been included.
       Readers will note that publishers' names are omitted from some Portuguese citations as well as from a number of French works. There are several reasons for this. First, in many of the older sources, publishers no longer exist and are difficult to trace. Second, the names of the publishers have been changed in some cases and are also difficult to trace. Third, in many older books and periodicals, printers' names but not publishers were cited, and identifying the publishers is virtually impossible.
       Some recommended classic titles for beginners are in historical studies: José Hermano Saraiva, Portugal: A Companion History (1997); A. H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal (1976 ed.), general country studies in two different historical eras: Sarah Bradford, Portugal (1973) and Marion Kaplan, The Portuguese: The Land and Its People (2002 and later editions); political histories, Antônio de Figueiredo, Portugal: Fifty Years of Dictatorship (1975) and Douglas L. Wheeler, Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926) (1978; 1998). On Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974 and contemporary history and politics: Kenneth Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (1995); Phil Mailer, The Impossible Revolution (1977); Richard A. H. Robinson, Contemporary Portugal: A History (1979); Lawrence S. Graham and Douglas L. Wheeler (eds.), In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences (1983); Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and its Antecedents (1979). On contemporary Portuguese society, see Antonio Costa Pinto (ed.), Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture (2003).
       Enduring works on the history of Portugal's overseas empire include: C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (1969 and later editions); and Bailey W. Diffie and George Winius, The Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580 (1977); on Portugal and the Age of Discoveries: Charles Ley (ed.), Portuguese Voyages 1498-1663 (2003). For a new portrait of the country's most celebrated figure of the Age of Discoveries, see Peter Russell, Prince Henry 'The Navigator': A Life (2000). A still useful geographical study about a popular tourist region is Dan Stanislawski's Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve (1963). A fine introduction to a region of rural southern Portugal is José Cutileiro's A Portuguese Rural Society (1971).
       Early travel account classics are Almeida Garrett, Travels in My Homeland (1987) and William Beckford, Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcobaca and Batalha (1969 and later editions). On travel and living in Portugal, see Susan Lowndes Marques and Ann Bridge, The Selective Traveller in Portugal (1968 and later editions); David Wright and Patrick Swift, Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide (1968 and later editions); Sam Ballard and Jane Ballard, Pousadas of Portugal (1986); Richard Hewitt, A Cottage in Portugal (1996);
       Ian Robertson, Portugal: The Blue Guide (1988 and later editions); and Anne de Stoop, Living in Portugal (1995). Fine reads on some colorful, foreign travellers in Portugal are found in Rose Macauley, They Went to Portugal (1946 and later editions) and They Went to Portugal Too (1990). An attractive blend of historical musing and current Portugal is found in Paul Hyland's, Backing Out of the Big World: Voyage to Portugal (1996); Datus Proper's The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal (1992); and Portugal's 1998 Nobel Prize winner in Literature, José Sarmago, writes in Journey through Portugal (2001).
       For aspects of Portuguese literature in translation, see Aubrey F. G. Bell, The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse (1952 edition by B. Vidigal); José Maria Eça de Queirós, The Maias (2007 and earlier editions); and José Sara-mago's Baltasar and Blimunda (1985 and later editions), as well as many other novels by this, Portugal's most celebrated living novelist. See also Landeg White's recent translation of the national 16th century epic of Luis de Camóes, The Lusiads (1997). A classic portrait of the arts in Portugal during the country's imperial age is Robert C. Smith's The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800 (1968).
       For those who plan to conduct research in Portugal, the premier collection of printed books, periodicals, and manuscripts is housed in the country's national library, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, in Lisbon. Other important collections are found in the libraries of the major universities in Coimbra, Lisbon, and Oporto, and in a number of foundations and societies. For the history of the former colonial empire, the best collection of printed materials remains in the library of Lisbon's historic Geography Society, the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Lisbon; and for documents there is the state-run colonial archives, the Arquivo Historico Ultramarino, in Restelo, near Lisbon. Other government records are deposited in official archives, such as those for foreign relations in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, housed in Necessidades Palace, Lisbon.
       For researchers in North America, the best collections of printed materials on Portugal are housed in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; New York Public Library, New York City; Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and in university libraries including those of Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Brown, Indiana, Illinois, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California - Berkeley, University of California - Santa Barbara, Stanford, Florida State, Duke, University of New Hampshire, Durham, University of Toronto, University of Ottawa, McGill, and University of British Columbia. Records dealing with Portuguese affairs are found in U.S. government archives, including, for instance, those in the National Archives and Record Service (NARS), housed in Washington, D.C.
       BIBLIOGRAPHIES
       ■ Academia Portuguesa de História. Guia Bibliográfica Histórica Portuguesa. Vol. I-?. Lisbon, 1954-.
       ■ Anselmo, Antônio Joaquim. Bibliografia das bibliografias portuguesas. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1923.
       ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Bibliography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.
       ■ Borchardt, Paul. La Bibliographie de l'Angola, 1500-1900. Brussels, 1912. Chilcote, Ronald H., ed. and comp. The Portuguese Revolution of 25 April 1974. Annotated bibliography on the antecedents and aftermath. Coimbra: Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, Universidade de Coimbra, 1987. Cintra, Maria Adelaide Valle. Bibliografia de textos medievais portugueses. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filolôgicos, 1960.
       ■ Costa, Mário. Bibliografia Geral de Moçambique. Lisbon, 1945. Coutinho, Bernardo Xavier da Costa. Bibliographie franco-portugaise: Essai d'une bibliographie chronologique de livres français sur le Portugal. Oporto: Lopes da Silva, 1939.
       ■ Diffie, Bailey W. "A Bibliography of the Principal Published Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries," Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies. Nashville, Tenn., 1953. Gallagher, Tom. Dictatorial Portugal, 1926-1974: A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1979.
       ■ Gibson, Mary Jane. Portuguese Africa: A Guide to Official Publications. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1967. Greenlee, William B. "A Descriptive Bibliography of the History of Portugal." Hispanic American Historical Review XX (August 1940): 491-516. Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste. Boletim Internacional de Bibliografia Luso-Brasileira. Vol. 1-15. Lisbon, 1960-74.
       ■ Instituto Camoes. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade De Coimbra. Repertorio Bibliografico da Historiografia Portuguesa ( 1974-1994). Coimbra:
       ■ Instituto Camoes; Universidade de Coimbra, 1995. Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar. Bibliografia Da Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar Sobre Ciências Humanas E Sociais. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar, 1975. Kettenring, Norman E., comp. A Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations on Portuguese Topics Completed in the United States and Canada, 1861-1983.
       ■ Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1984. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.
       ■ Laidlar, John. Lisbon. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 199. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1997.. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71, rev. ed. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2000.
       ■ Lomax, William. Revolution in Portugal: 1974-1976. A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1978.
       ■ McCarthy, Joseph M. Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1977.
       ■ Moniz, Miguel. Azores. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 221. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1999.
       ■ Nunes, José Lúcio, and José Júlio Gonçalves. Bibliografia Histórico-Militar do Ultramar Portugües. Lisbon, 1956. Pélissier, René. Bibliographies sur l'Afrique Luso-Hispanophone 1800-1890.
       ■ Orgeval, France: 1980. Portuguese Studies. London. 1984-. Annual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. No. 1-23 (1976-90). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Review. Vols. 1-9 (1991-2001). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semi-Annual.. Vols. 10- (2002-). Durham, N.H.: Trent University; Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
       ■ Rocha, Natércia. Bibliografia geral da Literatura Portuguesa para Crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.
       ■ Rogers, Francis Millet, and David T. Haberly. Brazil, Portugal and Other Portuguese-Speaking Lands: A List of Books Primarily in English. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.
       ■ Silva, J. Donald. A Bibliography on the Madeira Islands. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1987.
       ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and G. Lavigne. Os portugueses no Canadá: Uma bibliografia ( 1953-1996). Lisbon: Direção-Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas, 1998.
       ■ University of Coimbra, Faculty of Letters. Bibliografia Anual de História de Portugal. Vol. 1. [sources published beginning in 1989- ] Coimbra: Grupo de História; Faculdade de Letras; Universidade de Coimbra, 1992-.
       ■ Unwin, P. T. H., comp. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71. Oxford, U.K.: ABC-Clio Press, 1987.
       ■ Viera, David J., et al., comp. The Portuguese in the United States ( Supplement to the 1976 Leo Pap Bibliography). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1990.
       ■ Welsh, Doris Varner, comp. A Catalogue of the William B. Greenlee Collection of Portuguese History and Literature and the Portuguese Materials in the Newberry Library. Chicago: Newberry Library, 1953.
       ■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.
       ■ Wilgus, A. Curtis. Latin America, Spain & Portugal: A Selected & Annotated Bibliographical Guide to Books Published 1954-1974. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977.
       ■ Winius, George. "Bibliographical Essay: A Treasury of Printed Source Materials Pertaining to the XV and XVI Centuries." In George Winius, ed., Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, 373-401. Madison, Wis.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.
       ■ PERIODICALS RELATING TO PORTUGAL
       ■ Africana. Oporto. Semiannual.
       ■ Africa Report. New York. Monthly or bimonthly.
       ■ Africa Today. Denver, Colo. Quarterly.
       ■ Agenda Cultural. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Almanaque do Exército. Lisbon, 1912-40.
       ■ American Historical Review. Washington, D.C. Quarterly.
       ■ Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos. Lisbon. Annual.
       ■ Análise do sector público administrativo e empresarial. Lisbon. Quarterly. Análise Social. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Anglo-Portuguese News. Monte Estoril and Lisbon. 1937-2003. Biweekly and weekly.
       ■ Antropológicas. Oporto. 1998-. Semiannual. Anuário Católico de Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.
       ■ Archipélago. Revista do Instituto Universitário dos Açores. Punta Delgado. Semiannual. Architectural Digest. New York. Monthly. Archivum. Paris. Quarterly. Arqueologia. Oporto. Annual.
       ■ Arqueólogo Portugües, O. Lisbon. 1958-. Semiannual Arquivo das Colónias. Lisbon. 1917-33. Arquivo de Beja. Beja. Annual. Arquivo Histórico Portuguez. Lisbon.
       ■ Arquivos da Memória. Lisbon. 1997-. Semiannual.
       ■ Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües [Fundação Gulbenkian, Paris]. Paris. Annual.
       ■ Avante! Lisbon. Portuguese Communist Party. Daily. Biblos. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon Quarterly; Bimonthly.
       ■ Boletim de Estudos Operários. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Boletim do Arquivo Histórico Militar. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores Islands. Semiannual. Boletim Geral do Ultramar. Lisbon. Bracara Augusta. Braga. Brigantia. Lisbon. 1990-. Semiannual.
       ■ British Bulletin of Publications on Latin America... Portugal and Spain. London. 1949-. Semiannual. British Historical Society of Portugal. Annual Report and Review. Lisbon. Brotéria. Lisbon. Quarterly. Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises. Paris. Quarterly.
       ■ Cadernos de Arqueologia. Braga. Semiannual and annual. Monographs.
       ■ Cadernos do Noroeste. Braga, University of Minho. Semiannual.
       ■ Camões Center Quarterly. New York.
       ■ Capital, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Clio. Lisbon. 1996-. Annual.
       ■ Clio-Arqueologia. Lisbon. 1983-. Annual.
       ■ Colóquio/ Artes. Lisbon. Gulbenkian Foundation. Quarterly.
       ■ Colóquio/ Letras. Lisbon. Gulbenkian Foundation. Quarterly.
       ■ Conimbriga. Coimbra.
       ■ Cultura. London. Quarterly.
       ■ Democracia e Liberdade. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Dia, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Diário da Câmara de Deputados. Lisbon. 1911-26.
       ■ Diário de Lisboa. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Diário de Notícias. Lisbon. Daily newspaper of record.
       ■ Diário do Governo. Lisbon. 1910-74.
       ■ Diário do Senado. Lisbon. 1911-26.
       ■ Documentos. Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril. Coimbra. Quarterly.
       ■ E-Journal of Portuguese History. Providence, R.I. Quarterly.
       ■ Economia. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Economia e Finanças. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Economia e Sociologia. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Economist, The. London. Weekly magazine.
       ■ Estratégia Internacional. Lisbon.
       ■ Estudos Contemporâneos. Lisbon.
       ■ Estudos de economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Estudos históricos e económicos. Oporto. Semiannual.
       ■ Estudos Medievais. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Estudos Orientais. Lisbon, 1990. Semiannual.
       ■ Ethnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Ethnologie Française. Paris. Quarterly.
       ■ Ethnos. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ European History Quarterly. Lancaster, U.K., 1970-. Quarterly.
       ■ Expresso. Lisbon. 1973-. Weekly newspaper.
       ■ Facts and Reports. Amsterdam. Collected press clippings.
       ■ Financial Times. London. Daily; special supplements on Portugal.
       ■ Finisterra. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Flama. Lisbon. Monthly magazine.
       ■ Garcia de Orta. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Gaya. Oporto. Semiannual.
       ■ Hispania. USA. Quarterly.
       ■ Hispania Antiqua. Madrid. Semiannual.
       ■ Hispanic American Historical Review. Chapel Hill, N.C. Quarterly. História. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Iberian Studies. Nottingham, U.K. Quarterly or Semiannual.
       ■ Indicadores económicos. Lisbon. Bank of Portugal. Monthly. Ingenium. Revista da Ordem dos Engenheiros. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ International Journal of Iberian Studies. London and Glasgow, 1987-. Semiannual.
       ■ Illustração Portugueza. Lisbon. 1911-1930s. Magazine. Instituto, O. Coimbra. Annual.
       ■ Itinerário. Leiden (Netherlands). 1976-. Semiannual. Jornal, O. Lisbon. Weekly newspaper. Jornal de Letras, O. Lisbon. Weekly culture supplement. Jornal do Fundão. Fundão, Beira Alta. Weekly newspaper. Journal of European Economic History. Quarterly.
       ■ Journal of Modern History. Chicago, Ill. Quarterly.
       ■ Journal of Southern European Society & Politics. Athens, Greece. 1995-. Quarterly.
       ■ Journal of the American Portuguese Culture Society. New York. 1966-81. Semiannual or annual. Ler História. Lisbon. Quarterly. Lisboa: Revista Municipal. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Lusíada: Revista trimestral de ciência e cultura. Lisbon. 1989-. Three times a year.
       ■ Lusitania Sacra. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Luso-Americano, O. Newark, N.J. Weekly newspaper.
       ■ Luso-Brazilian Review. Madison, Wisc. 1964-. Semiannual.
       ■ Lusotopie. Paris. 1995-. Annual.
       ■ Nova economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Numismática. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Oceanos. Lisbon. Bimonthly.
       ■ Ocidente. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Olisipo. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Ordem do Exército. Lisbon. 1926-74. Monthly.
       ■ Penélope. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Política Internacional. Lisbon. 1990-. Quarterly.
       ■ Portugal. Annuário Estatístico do Ultramar. Lisbon. 1950-74.
       ■ Portugal em Africa. Lisbon. 1894-1910. Bimonthly.
       ■ Portugal socialista. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Portugália. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese & Colonial Bulletin. London. 1961-74. Quarterly. Portuguese Studies. London. 1985-. Annual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. Durham, N.H. 1976-90. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese Studies Review. Durham, N.H. 1991-2001; Trent, Ont. 2002-. Semiannual.
       ■ Portuguese Times. New Bedford, Mass. Weekly newspaper.
       ■ Povo Livre. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Primeiro do Janeiro. Oporto. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Quaderni Portoghesi. Rome. 1974-. Semiannual.
       ■ Race. A Journal of Race and Group Relations. London. Quarterly.
       ■ Recherches en Anthropologie au Portugal. Paris. 1995-. Annual.
       ■ República, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. Coimbra. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista da Biblioteca Nacional. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Lisbon. Quarterly. Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Quarterly. Revista de Ciência Política. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Ciências Agrárias. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Economia. Lisbon. 1953-. Three times a year. Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses. Lisbon. Annual. Revista de Estudos Históricos. Rio de Janeiro. Semiannual. Revista de Guimarães. Guimarães. Semiannual. Revista de História. São Paulo, Brazil. Semiannual. Revista de História Económica e Social. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista de Infanteria. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Revista Lusitana. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista Militar. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Revista Portuguesa de História. Coimbra. Quarterly.
       ■ Sábado. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.
       ■ Seara Nova. Lisbon. 1921-. Bimonthly.
       ■ Século, O. Lisbon. Daily Newspaper.
       ■ Selecções do Readers Digest. Lisbon. Monthly.
       ■ Semanário económico. Lisbon. Weekly.
       ■ Setúbal arqueologica. Setúbal. Semiannual.
       ■ Sigila. Paris. 1998-. Semiannual.
       ■ Sintria. Sintra. Annual.
       ■ Sociedade e Território. Revista de estudos urbanos e regionais. Oporto. 1986-. Quarterly.
       ■ Studia. Lisbon. Quarterly.
       ■ Studium Generale. Oporto. Quarterly.
       ■ Tempo, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.
       ■ Tempo e o Modo, O. Lisbon. 1968-74. Quarterly.
       ■ Trabalhos de Antropologia E Etnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Trabalhos de Arqueologia. Lisbon. Annual.
       ■ Translation. New York. Quarterly.
       ■ Ultramar. Lisbon. 1960-71. Quarterly.
       ■ Veja. São Paulo. Weekly news magazine.
       ■ Veleia. Lisbon. Semiannual.
       ■ Vida Mundial. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.
       ■ West European Politics. London. Quarterly.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > INTRODUCTION

  • 10 otro

    adj.
    other, one other, another, every other.
    pron.
    another one, other, another, every other.
    m.
    other.
    * * *
    1 other, another
    ■ el otro día... the other day...
    1 other, another
    \
    otro de tantos nothing exceptional
    otro que tal baila he (she) is just as bad
    ¡otra! ¡otra! encore!, more!
    * * *
    1. = otra, adj.
    •
    2. = otra, pron.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=diferente) [en singular] another; [en plural] other

    ¿tiene algún otro modelo? — do you have any other models?

    ¿hay alguna otra manera de hacerlo? — is there any other way of doing it?

    • de otro modo — otherwise

    le pago, de otro modo no lo haría — I'm paying her, otherwise she wouldn't do it

    • está en otra parte — it's somewhere else

    por otra parte, he de admitir que me gusta — on the other hand, I have to admit I like it

    • otro tanto, Juan me insultó y Antonio hizo otro tanto — Juan insulted me and so did Antonio

    ayer subió tres puntos y hoy aumentará otro tanto — it went up by three points yesterday and will rise by the same amount today

    mundo 1)
    2) (=uno más) [en singular, con cifras] another; [en plural] other

    ¿quieres otra taza de café? — would you like another cup of coffee?

    • otra cosa, me gustaría preguntarle otra cosa — I'd like to ask you something else

    ¿desea alguna otra cosa? — would you like anything else?

    • otra vez — again

    3) [en una secuencia temporal]
    a) [en el futuro] next

    se fue y a la otra semana me escribió — * he left and wrote to me the next week

    b) [en el pasado] other
    2. PRON
    1) (=diferente) [en singular] another, another one; [en plural] others

    -he perdido mi lápiz -no importa, tengo otro — "I have lost my pencil" - "it doesn't matter, I've got another (one)"

    • el otro — the other one

    • lo otro no importa — the rest doesn't matter

    2) (=uno más) [en singular] another, another one; [en plural] others

    ¿quieres otro? — do you want another (one)?

    ¿me puede enseñar otros? — could you show me some others o more?

    se me perdieron y me dieron otros — I lost them, but they gave me some more

    ¡otra! — [en concierto] encore!; [en bar] (the) same again, please

    3) [en una secuencia temporal]

    el jueves que viene no, el otro — a week on Thursday

    4) [referido a personas] [en singular] somebody else; [en plural] others

    como dijo el otro — as somebody o someone said

    unos creen que ganará, otros que perderá — some think he'll win, others that he'll lose

    • uno y otro — both, both of them

    unos y otros coinciden en que... — both sides o groups agree that..., they all agree that...

    * * *
    I
    otra adjetivo
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another; (pl) other; ( con numerales) another

    ¿puedo comer otro trozo? — can I have another piece?

    una y otra vez — time and time again; ver tanto III 2)

    2) ( diferente) (sing) another; (pl) other

    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? — don't you know any other songs?

    4)
    a) (siguiente, contiguo) next
    b)
    II
    otra pronombre
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another (one)

    ¿quieres otro? — would you like another (one)?

    2) ( diferente)

    los otros no están listos — ( hablando - de personas) the others aren't ready; (- de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready

    4) (siguiente, contiguo)

    de un día para (el) otro — overnight, from one day to the next

    la semana que viene no, la otra — not next week, the week after

    * * *
    = alternate, another, neighbour [neighbor, -USA], other.
    Ex. Libraries which are not dependent upon the Library of Congress for cataloging copy are free to use the alternate rule.
    Ex. Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.
    Ex. In most search statements or document profiles it is possible to designate certain concepts as being more significant than their neighbours.
    Ex. Use is still low with c100 requests per year for safety-related information but only c20 other requests.
    ----
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * alguna que otra vez = from time to time, every once in a while, occasional, every now and then, every now and again.
    * algunos lo aman, otros lo odian = love it or loathe it.
    * algunos otros + Nombre = various other + Nombre.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * alternar de un estado a otro = toggle.
    * aprender el uno del otro = learn from + one another.
    * a uno y otro lado de = on either side of.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * cerca uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * continuar la labor de otros = stand on + the shoulders of giants.
    * con una mano delante y otra detrás = penniless, broke, skint.
    * cualquier otra cosa = whatever else.
    * cualquier otro = you name it.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de la otra forma = the other way (a)round.
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * del otro modo = the other way (a)round.
    * de otro mundo = unworldly.
    * de otros tiempos = of yore.
    * de otro tiempo = of yore.
    * de parte de otro = on behalf of someone else.
    * desde un extremo... al otro = from one end... to the other.
    * desproporcionado uno con otro = ill-balanced.
    * de una forma u otra = in some form or other, in one form or another.
    * de una lado para otro = on the move, to and fro.
    * de una parte a otra = back and forth.
    * de una punta a otra = end to end.
    * de un + Expresión Temporal + a otro = from one + Expresión Temporal + to the next.
    * de un extremo al otro = from the ridiculous to the sublime, from the sublime to the ridiculous.
    * de un modo u otro = somehow, some way.
    * de un momento a otro = momentarily, at any moment.
    * de uno a otro = across.
    * de un sitio a otro = back and forth.
    * de un sitio para otro = on the move.
    * de un tipo u otro = of one kind or another.
    * dicho de otro modo = said differently.
    * el consejo de otra person = a second opinion.
    * el siguiente no, el otro = next but one.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en otra categoría = on a different plane.
    * en otra escala = on a different plane.
    * en otra parte = further afield.
    * en otras palabras = which is to say.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * en otro sitio = down the road.
    * en otros tiempos = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * en otro tiempo = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * entre otras cosas = for one thing, inter alia.
    * entre otros = amongst others, among others.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estudiante proveniente de otra universidad = transfer student.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * hecho el uno para el otro = made for each other.
    * inspirado en otros = copycat.
    * ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.
    * ir de un sitio para otro = run around.
    * la opinión de otra persona = a second opinion.
    * lo otro = otherness.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * los unos a costa de los otros = at each other's expense.
    * lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mirar al otro lado = look + the other way.
    * mirar en otra dirección = look + the other way.
    * ni lo uno ni lo otro = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * ninguna otra persona = no one else.
    * ningún otro = no other.
    * ni una cosa ni la otra = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * no ser ni una cosa ni otra = fall between + two stools.
    * no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * ofrecer la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * organismo que actúa en representación de otros = umbrella.
    * ¡otra! = encore!.
    * otra cara de + Nombre, la = flip side of + Nombre, the.
    * otra cara, la = flip side, the.
    * otra cosa = something else.
    * otra cosa que no sea = anything other than.
    * otra persona = somebody else, someone else, somebody else, not me.
    * otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * otra posibilidad es = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * otra posibilidad es que = alternatively.
    * otra posibilidad + ser = another possibility + be.
    * otra taza de té o café = refill [re-fill].
    * otra vez = again, once again, once more, redux.
    * otra vida, la = afterlife [after-life].
    * otro bueno + Nombre = the next best + Nombre.
    * otro ejemplar = additional copy.
    * otro + Nombre + más = further + Nombre, yet another + Nombre.
    * otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.
    * otros cuantos = several other.
    * otros tantos = as many.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * pasar de uno a otro = change back and forth.
    * pasar de un sitio a otro = travel.
    * pero por otra parte = but then again.
    * pero por otro lado = but then again.
    * poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por otra parte = on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = on the other hand, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * préstamo para otra persona = proxy borrowing.
    * qué otra cosa = what else.
    * sacar a relucir los trapos sucios delante de otros = wash + dirty linen in front of others.
    * sensación de no ser ni una cosa ni la otra = in-betweenness.
    * ser complementario el uno del otro = be integral one to another.
    * ser muy superior a los otros = be way above all the others.
    * ser otro cantar = be a different kettle of fish.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualqu = be as good a time as any.
    * sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * tan bueno como ningún otro = as good as any.
    * todos los otros = all of the other.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tropezar los unos con los otros = trip over + each other.
    * una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * una y otra vez = over and over, repetitively, time after time, time and time again, again and again, over and over again.
    * un día sí y otro no = every other day.
    * un día sí y otro también = day in and day out.
    * un día tras otro = day after day.
    * unos con otros = one another.
    * unos de otros = one another.
    * unos encima de los otros = one on another.
    * uno tras otro = one after the other, sequentially, one after another.
    * uno u otro = one or another.
    * u otros = or what not [whatnot].
    * vivir en otro mundo = live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * y otro(s) = et al. (et alii), still (an)other(s).
    * * *
    I
    otra adjetivo
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another; (pl) other; ( con numerales) another

    ¿puedo comer otro trozo? — can I have another piece?

    una y otra vez — time and time again; ver tanto III 2)

    2) ( diferente) (sing) another; (pl) other

    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? — don't you know any other songs?

    4)
    a) (siguiente, contiguo) next
    b)
    II
    otra pronombre
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another (one)

    ¿quieres otro? — would you like another (one)?

    2) ( diferente)

    los otros no están listos — ( hablando - de personas) the others aren't ready; (- de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready

    4) (siguiente, contiguo)

    de un día para (el) otro — overnight, from one day to the next

    la semana que viene no, la otra — not next week, the week after

    * * *
    = alternate, another, neighbour [neighbor, -USA], other.

    Ex: Libraries which are not dependent upon the Library of Congress for cataloging copy are free to use the alternate rule.

    Ex: Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.
    Ex: In most search statements or document profiles it is possible to designate certain concepts as being more significant than their neighbours.
    Ex: Use is still low with c100 requests per year for safety-related information but only c20 other requests.
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * alguna que otra vez = from time to time, every once in a while, occasional, every now and then, every now and again.
    * algunos lo aman, otros lo odian = love it or loathe it.
    * algunos otros + Nombre = various other + Nombre.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * alternar de un estado a otro = toggle.
    * aprender el uno del otro = learn from + one another.
    * a uno y otro lado de = on either side of.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * cerca uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * continuar la labor de otros = stand on + the shoulders of giants.
    * con una mano delante y otra detrás = penniless, broke, skint.
    * cualquier otra cosa = whatever else.
    * cualquier otro = you name it.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de la otra forma = the other way (a)round.
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * del otro modo = the other way (a)round.
    * de otro mundo = unworldly.
    * de otros tiempos = of yore.
    * de otro tiempo = of yore.
    * de parte de otro = on behalf of someone else.
    * desde un extremo... al otro = from one end... to the other.
    * desproporcionado uno con otro = ill-balanced.
    * de una forma u otra = in some form or other, in one form or another.
    * de una lado para otro = on the move, to and fro.
    * de una parte a otra = back and forth.
    * de una punta a otra = end to end.
    * de un + Expresión Temporal + a otro = from one + Expresión Temporal + to the next.
    * de un extremo al otro = from the ridiculous to the sublime, from the sublime to the ridiculous.
    * de un modo u otro = somehow, some way.
    * de un momento a otro = momentarily, at any moment.
    * de uno a otro = across.
    * de un sitio a otro = back and forth.
    * de un sitio para otro = on the move.
    * de un tipo u otro = of one kind or another.
    * dicho de otro modo = said differently.
    * el consejo de otra person = a second opinion.
    * el siguiente no, el otro = next but one.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en otra categoría = on a different plane.
    * en otra escala = on a different plane.
    * en otra parte = further afield.
    * en otras palabras = which is to say.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * en otro sitio = down the road.
    * en otros tiempos = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * en otro tiempo = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * entre otras cosas = for one thing, inter alia.
    * entre otros = amongst others, among others.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estudiante proveniente de otra universidad = transfer student.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * hecho el uno para el otro = made for each other.
    * inspirado en otros = copycat.
    * ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.
    * ir de un sitio para otro = run around.
    * la opinión de otra persona = a second opinion.
    * lo otro = otherness.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * los unos a costa de los otros = at each other's expense.
    * lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mirar al otro lado = look + the other way.
    * mirar en otra dirección = look + the other way.
    * ni lo uno ni lo otro = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * ninguna otra persona = no one else.
    * ningún otro = no other.
    * ni una cosa ni la otra = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * no ser ni una cosa ni otra = fall between + two stools.
    * no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * ofrecer la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * organismo que actúa en representación de otros = umbrella.
    * ¡otra! = encore!.
    * otra cara de + Nombre, la = flip side of + Nombre, the.
    * otra cara, la = flip side, the.
    * otra cosa = something else.
    * otra cosa que no sea = anything other than.
    * otra persona = somebody else, someone else, somebody else, not me.
    * otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * otra posibilidad es = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * otra posibilidad es que = alternatively.
    * otra posibilidad + ser = another possibility + be.
    * otra taza de té o café = refill [re-fill].
    * otra vez = again, once again, once more, redux.
    * otra vida, la = afterlife [after-life].
    * otro bueno + Nombre = the next best + Nombre.
    * otro ejemplar = additional copy.
    * otro + Nombre + más = further + Nombre, yet another + Nombre.
    * otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.
    * otros cuantos = several other.
    * otros tantos = as many.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * pasar de uno a otro = change back and forth.
    * pasar de un sitio a otro = travel.
    * pero por otra parte = but then again.
    * pero por otro lado = but then again.
    * poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por otra parte = on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = on the other hand, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * préstamo para otra persona = proxy borrowing.
    * qué otra cosa = what else.
    * sacar a relucir los trapos sucios delante de otros = wash + dirty linen in front of others.
    * sensación de no ser ni una cosa ni la otra = in-betweenness.
    * ser complementario el uno del otro = be integral one to another.
    * ser muy superior a los otros = be way above all the others.
    * ser otro cantar = be a different kettle of fish.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualqu = be as good a time as any.
    * sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * tan bueno como ningún otro = as good as any.
    * todos los otros = all of the other.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tropezar los unos con los otros = trip over + each other.
    * una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * una y otra vez = over and over, repetitively, time after time, time and time again, again and again, over and over again.
    * un día sí y otro no = every other day.
    * un día sí y otro también = day in and day out.
    * un día tras otro = day after day.
    * unos con otros = one another.
    * unos de otros = one another.
    * unos encima de los otros = one on another.
    * uno tras otro = one after the other, sequentially, one after another.
    * uno u otro = one or another.
    * u otros = or what not [whatnot].
    * vivir en otro mundo = live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * y otro(s) = et al. (et alii), still (an)other(s).

    * * *
    A (con carácter adicional) ( sing) another; (pl) other; (con numerales) another
    ¿puedo comer otro trozo? can I have another piece?
    tiene otros tres hijos he has another three children, he has three other children
    necesito otras cinco libras/otros dos kilos I need another five pounds/two kilos
    déjame probar otra vez let me try again
    una y otra vez time and time again
    otro tanto ver tanto3 pron B. (↑ tanto (3))
    B (diferente) ( sing) another; (pl) other
    hay otra manera de hacerlo there's another o a different way of doing it
    ¿puedes venir en otro momento? can you come another o some other time?
    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? don't you know any other songs?, is that the only song you know?
    no hay otra forma de aprenderlo there's no other way of learning it o to learn it
    decidió probar otros métodos she decided to try other methods
    ponlo en otro sitio put it somewhere else
    la realidad es muy otra the truth of the matter is very different
    queda del otro lado de la calle it's on the other side of the street
    sus otras compañías his other companies, the rest of his companies
    Compuestos:
    el otro mundo the next world
    masculine alter ego, other self
    D
    1 (siguiente, contiguo) next
    al otro día me llamó por teléfono she phoned me the following o (the) next day
    se bajó en la otra parada he got off at the next stop
    2
    el otro día the other day
    lo vi el otro día en el club I saw him at the club the other day
    A (con carácter adicional) ( sing) another, another one
    ¿quieres otro? would you like another (one)?
    ¡otra! encore!
    B
    (diferente): desde que adelgazó parece otra since she lost weight she looks a different person
    quiero éste y no voy a aceptar ningún otro this is the one I want and I won't accept any other
    la dejó por otra he left her for somebody else o for another woman
    otros piensan que no es así others feel that this is not so
    C
    (estableciendo un contraste): la otra es mejor the other one is better
    los otros no están listos (hablando — de personas) the others aren't ready; (— de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready
    de lo otro, te llamaré luego as for the other matter o business, I'll call you later
    todo lo otro va en este cajón everything else goes in this drawer
    D
    (siguiente, contiguo): un día sí y otro no every other day
    de un día para el otro overnight, from one day to the next
    la semana que viene no, la otra not next week, the week after
    se tomó tres, uno detrás del otro he drank three, one after the other
    E
    otra que … ( RPl fam): otra que un par de días, les llevó dos semanas a couple of days my foot! o what do you mean a couple of days? it took them two weeks
    no vamos a poder ir de vacaciones, otra que viaje a Europa … we won't be going on vacation, never mind o let alone to Europe!
    * * *

     

    otro,
    ◊ otra adjetivo

    1 ( con carácter adicional) ( sing) another;
    (pl) other;
    ( con numerales) another;
    ◊ ¿puedo comer otro trozo? can I have another piece?;

    prueba otra vez try again;
    una y otra vez time and time again;
    ver tanto 2 pronombre 2
    2 ( diferente) ( sing) another;
    (pl) other;

    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? don't you know any other songs?;
    en otro sitio somewhere else;
    en otro momento some other time
    3 ( estableciendo un contraste) other;

    4 (siguiente, contiguo) next;
    ver tb
    ◊ día

    ■ pronombre
    1 ( con carácter adicional) ( sing) another (one);
    ◊ ¿quieres otro? would you like another (one)?

    2 ( diferente):

    no voy a aceptar ningún otro I won't accept any other;
    lo cambié por otro I changed it for another one;
    ¿no tiene otros? have you any other ones?;
    otros piensan que no es así others feel that this is not so
    3 ( estableciendo un contraste):


    (— de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready
    4 (siguiente, contiguo):
    ◊ la semana que viene no, la otra not next week, the week after;

    uno detrás del otro one after the other
    otro,-a
    I adj indef
    1 (adicional, añadido) another: había otra muñeca, there was another doll
    (distinto, diferente) no veo otra solución, I can see no other solution
    otras veces es más amable, other times he's nicer
    2 (con artículo definido) other: la otra hermana es rubia, the other sister is blonde
    el otro día no pude llamarte, I couldn't phone you the other day
    II pron indef
    1 (adicional, extra) another (one): me tomaría otra, I'll have another one
    (distinto, diferente) no quiero otra, I don't want any other one
    unos ganan y otros pierden, some win, others lose
    lo confundí con otro, I mistook him for somebody else
    2 (con artículo definido) (sing) the other (one)
    (pl) (personas, cosas) the others, the other ones
    Another se emplea con sustantivos en singular y (any) other con sustantivos en plural: No tengo otro. I haven't got another. No tengo otros. I haven't got any others. Si, además, quieres añadir un número, emplearemos another o more: Quiero otros tres pasteles. I want another three cakes o I want three more cakes.
    ' otro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - apestosa
    - apestoso
    - bailar
    - bando
    - beneficio
    - cambiar
    - cantar
    - cascar
    - collado
    - comunicar
    - contraria
    - contrario
    - dejar
    - día
    - dicha
    - dicho
    - embestir
    - encargo
    - enfadarse
    - enjabonar
    - espíritu
    - gallo
    - grosor
    - hacer
    - harina
    - jueves
    - lado
    - llevarse
    - lo
    - marcar
    - más
    - mí
    - mismamente
    - momento
    - mundo
    - nada
    - nadie
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - no
    - nunca
    - oído
    - otra
    - pasar
    - preferir
    English:
    about
    - across
    - affair
    - after
    - alien
    - another
    - apart
    - approach
    - astir
    - blind
    - breadth
    - bygone
    - chain-smoke
    - cloud cuckoo land
    - connect
    - cop
    - copycat
    - cross
    - dash
    - die off
    - disturbing
    - dribble
    - each
    - ear
    - else
    - elsewhere
    - escape
    - far
    - flip side
    - foreign
    - further
    - get on to
    - get onto
    - hand
    - home
    - hot
    - interfere
    - marmalade
    - minute
    - miss
    - mix up
    - more
    - neither
    - new
    - nutty
    - object
    - odd
    - one
    - other
    - otherwise
    * * *
    otro, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [distinto] another;
    otros/otras other;
    otro chico another boy;
    el otro chico the other boy;
    (los) otros chicos (the) other boys;
    ¿conoces otro sitio donde podamos ir? do you know anywhere else we could go?;
    no hay otra impresora como ésta there's no other printer quite like this one;
    dame otra cosa, no quiero agua could I have something else? I don't feel like water;
    no hace otra cosa que llorar she does nothing but cry;
    el otro día [pasado] the other day;
    al otro año volvimos a Acapulco [año siguiente] we returned to Acapulco the following year;
    otros pocos/muchos votaron a favor a few/several of the others voted in favour
    2. [nuevo] another;
    estamos ante otro Dalí this is another Dali;
    otros tres goles another three goals;
    vendrán otros dos amigos another two friends will come;
    yo hubiera hecho otro tanto I would have done just the same;
    otra vez again
    ♦ pron
    another (one);
    el otro the other one;
    otros/otras others;
    los otros/las otras the others;
    ¿nos tomamos otra? shall we have another (one)?;
    dame otro give me another (one);
    sé que sales con otra I know you're seeing another woman o someone else;
    ¡pareces otro! you look like a completely different person!;
    mientras uno baila, el otro canta while one of them dances, the other sings;
    la semana que viene no, la otra the week after next;
    los perros se mordían el uno al otro the dogs were biting each other;
    nos ayudamos los unos a los otros we all help each other o one another;
    algún otro quedará there's bound to be a couple left;
    ningún otro corre tanto como él no one runs as fast as he does;
    su calidad de impresión es mejor que ninguna otra it prints better than anything else;
    yo no lo hice, fue otro it wasn't me, it was somebody else;
    otro habría abandonado, pero no él anyone else would have given up, but not him;
    la razón no es otra que la falta de medios the reason is quite simply a lack of resources;
    pónganos otra de lo mismo (the) same again, please;
    ¡hasta otra! I'll see you when I see you, see you again some time;
    ¡otra! [en conciertos] encore!, more!;
    otro que tal (baila): el padre era un mujeriego y el hijo es otro que tal (baila) the father was a womanizer and his son's a chip off the old block;
    ¡otro que tal!, ¡es que no paran de preguntar! there goes another one! they never stop asking questions!;
    Am
    ¡otra que!: ¡otra que 20 años, debe tener como 25! what do you mean, 20? he must be about 25!;
    Am
    no hay o [m5] me queda otra I've got no choice o alternative
    * * *
    I adj
    1 ( diferente) another;
    otros other;
    ser muy otro be very different
    :
    otros dos libros another two books
    3 con el, la other
    II pron
    1 ( adicional) another (one)
    2 ( persona distinta) someone o
    somebody else;
    fue otro, no fui yo it wasn’t me, it was someone else
    3 ( cosa distinta) another one, a different one;
    otros others;
    entre otros among others
    :
    ¡hasta otra! see you soon
    :
    amarse el uno al otro love one another, love each other
    * * *
    otro, otra adj
    1) : other
    2) : another
    en otro juego, ellos ganaron: in another game, they won
    3)
    otra vez : again
    4)
    de otra manera : otherwise
    5)
    otra parte : elsewhere
    6)
    en otro tiempo : once, formerly
    otro, otra pron
    1) : another one
    dame otro: give me another
    2) : other one
    el uno o el otro: one or the other
    3)
    los otros, las otras : the others, the rest
    me dio una y se quedó con las otras: he gave me one and kept the rest
    * * *
    otro1 adj
    ¿quieres otra galleta? would you like another biscuit?
    Cuando otro va precedido de un determinante o adjetivo posesivo o demostrativo, no se usa another sino other
    otro2 pron
    1. (en singular) another / another one
    este dibujo no está mal, pero el otro es mucho mejor this drawing isn't bad, but the other one is much better
    3. (en plural) others

    Spanish-English dictionary > otro

  • 11 altura

    f.
    1 height.
    2 height.
    pon los dos altavoces a la misma altura put both speakers level with each other
    el tráfico está congestionado a la altura del ayuntamiento there's a traffic jam in the area of the town hall
    3 height.
    Viella está a 1.000 m de altura Viella is 1,000 m above sea level
    ganar o tomar altura to climb (avión)
    se esperan nevadas en alturas superiores a los 800 metros snow is forecast on high ground above 800 meters
    4 loftiness, elevation.
    * * *
    1 (gen) height
    2 (altitud) altitude
    3 (nivel) level, par; (punto) point
    ■ ¿a qué altura de la calle vives? how far up the street do you live?
    ■ hay un buzón en la calle Mayor, a la altura de la zapatería there's a post box in the High Street, near the shoe shop
    4 figurado (mérito, valía, calidad) merit, worth; (dignidad) dignity, excellence
    1 RELIGIÓN heavens
    \
    a estas alturas by now, at this stage
    estar a la altura de to measure up to, match up to, be on a par with
    estar a la altura de las circunstancias figurado to be worthy of the occasion, rise to the occasion
    quedar a la altura del betún familiar to make a very poor showing, look bad
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de edificio, techo, persona] height

    se necesita tener una altura superior a 1,80 — you have to be over 1.80 metres tall

    hubo olas de hasta tres metros de altura — there were waves up to three metres high, there were waves of up to three metres in height

    • a la altura de algo, la ventana quedaba a la altura de mi cabeza — the window was level with my head

    altura de caída — [de cascada] fall

    2) [en el aire] height, altitude

    el avión subió a una altura de 10.000 pies — the plane rose to a height o an altitude of 10,000 feet

    nos encontramos a 3.000 metros de altura sobre el nivel del mar — we are 3,000 metres above sea level

    • ganar o tomar altura — to climb, gain height

    • el globo empezó a perder altura — the balloon began to lose height

    mal
    3) (=nivel)

    no encuentra ningún rival a su altura — she can't find a rival to match her, she can't find a rival in her league

    • estar a la altura de — [+ persona] to be in the same league as, be on a par with; [+ tarea] to be up to, be equal to

    no estamos a la altura de los trabajadores japoneses — we are not in the same league as Japanese workers, we are not on a par with Japanese workers

    la novela no estaba a la altura del concurso — the novel was not up to the standard set by the competition, the novel did not measure up to the competition standards

    - dejar o poner a algn a la altura del betún o de un felpudo o del unto

    si no los invitamos quedaremos a la altura del betún — if we don't invite them, it'll look really bad

    4) (Geog)

    • a la altura de — on the same latitude as

    a la altura del km 8 — at the 8th km, at the 8th km point

    ¿a qué altura de la calle quiere que pare? — how far along the street do you want me to stop?

    5) (Náut)

    remolcador de altura — deep-sea tug, ocean-going tug

    6) (Dep) (=salto) high jump; (=distancia del suelo) height

    acaban de superar la altura de 1,90 — they have managed to beat the height of 1.90

    7) (Mús) pitch
    8) [de ideas, sentimientos] sublimity, loftiness
    9) pl alturas
    a) (=lugar elevado) (Geog) heights; (Rel) heaven sing

    ¡Gloria a Dios en las alturas! — Glory to God in Heaven!

    • estar en las alturas — (Rel) to be on high

    b) [de organización] upper echelons
    c)

    • a estas alturas — [de edad] at my/your/his etc age; [de tiempo] at this stage

    a estas alturas no me preocupan las arrugas — at my age, wrinkles don't worry me

    ¿todavía no confías en mí a estas alturas? — you still don't trust me after all this time?

    a estas alturas no podemos volvernos atrás — having come this far we can't go back now, we can't go back at this stage

    d) † (=pisos) storey, story (EEUU)
    * * *
    1) (de persona, edificio, techo) height
    2) ( indicando posición) height

    a la altura del betún or (RPl) felpudo or (Chi) del unto (fam): nos dejaste a la altura del betún you made us look really bad; quedó a la altura del betún he looked really stupid; estar/ponerse a la altura de algo/alguien: para ponernos a la altura de la competencia to put ourselves on a par with our competitors; estar a la altura de las circunstancias to rise to the occasion; no está a la altura de su predecesor he doesn't match up to his predecessor; no estuvo a la altura de lo que esperaban — he didn't live up to their expectations

    3)
    a) (Aviac, Geog) ( altitud) altitude

    perder altura — to lose height o (frml) altitude

    a 2.240 metros de altura — at an altitude of 2,240 meters

    sobrepasar los 4.000 metros de altura — to rise to (a height of) over 4,000 meters

    b)

    de altura — <pesquero/flota> deep-sea (before n); < remolcador> oceangoing (before n)

    ¿a qué altura de Serrano vive? — how far up Serrano do you live?

    b) ( latitud)

    en el Adriático, a la altura de Florencia — on the Adriatic, on the same latitude o (colloq) as far up/down as Florence

    a estas/esas alturas: a estas alturas me vienes con eso! you wait till now to bring this to me!; a estas alturas del año this late on in the year; a esas alturas ya había perdido las esperanzas by that stage he had already lost all hope; a estas alturas del partido — (fam) by now, at this stage of the game (colloq)

    6) (Mús) pitch
    7) alturas femenino plural
    a) ( cimas) heights (pl)
    b) (Relig)
    * * *
    = height, altitude.
    Ex. For a monograph the height of the book is normally given, in centimetres.
    Ex. The museum restored many of its flood-damaged books by a process involving freezing, exposure to a vacuum equivalent to an altitude of 200,000 ft.
    ----
    * a estas alturas = by now.
    * a la altura de = of the stature of, equal to.
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * a la altura de la rodilla = knee-high.
    * a la altura de los hombros = shoulder-high.
    * a la misma altura que = in the same league as.
    * altura del tipo movible = height-to-paper, type height.
    * altura tipográfica = height-to-paper [heights-to-paper, -pl.].
    * con la misma altura que = the full height of.
    * de altura = high, top-notch.
    * de altura regulable = height-adjustable.
    * estar a la altura de = live up to, be equal to.
    * estar a la altura de la circunstancias = make + the cut.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to snuff, come up with + the goods.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, be equal to the occasion, rise (up) to + the occasion, deliver + the goods, measure up (to), rise (up) to + challenge.
    * estar a la altura de las expectativas = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la altura de las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * estar a la altura de lo que se espera = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la misma altura que = rank with.
    * gran altura = high altitude.
    * no estar a la altura de las expectativas = fall below + expectations.
    * no estar a la altura de lo que se espera = fall below + expectations, be below par, be under par.
    * poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.
    * salto de altura = vertical jump, high jumping, high jump.
    * * *
    1) (de persona, edificio, techo) height
    2) ( indicando posición) height

    a la altura del betún or (RPl) felpudo or (Chi) del unto (fam): nos dejaste a la altura del betún you made us look really bad; quedó a la altura del betún he looked really stupid; estar/ponerse a la altura de algo/alguien: para ponernos a la altura de la competencia to put ourselves on a par with our competitors; estar a la altura de las circunstancias to rise to the occasion; no está a la altura de su predecesor he doesn't match up to his predecessor; no estuvo a la altura de lo que esperaban — he didn't live up to their expectations

    3)
    a) (Aviac, Geog) ( altitud) altitude

    perder altura — to lose height o (frml) altitude

    a 2.240 metros de altura — at an altitude of 2,240 meters

    sobrepasar los 4.000 metros de altura — to rise to (a height of) over 4,000 meters

    b)

    de altura — <pesquero/flota> deep-sea (before n); < remolcador> oceangoing (before n)

    ¿a qué altura de Serrano vive? — how far up Serrano do you live?

    b) ( latitud)

    en el Adriático, a la altura de Florencia — on the Adriatic, on the same latitude o (colloq) as far up/down as Florence

    a estas/esas alturas: a estas alturas me vienes con eso! you wait till now to bring this to me!; a estas alturas del año this late on in the year; a esas alturas ya había perdido las esperanzas by that stage he had already lost all hope; a estas alturas del partido — (fam) by now, at this stage of the game (colloq)

    6) (Mús) pitch
    7) alturas femenino plural
    a) ( cimas) heights (pl)
    b) (Relig)
    * * *
    = height, altitude.

    Ex: For a monograph the height of the book is normally given, in centimetres.

    Ex: The museum restored many of its flood-damaged books by a process involving freezing, exposure to a vacuum equivalent to an altitude of 200,000 ft.
    * a estas alturas = by now.
    * a la altura de = of the stature of, equal to.
    * a la altura de la cintura = waist high, waist deep.
    * a la altura de la rodilla = knee-high.
    * a la altura de los hombros = shoulder-high.
    * a la misma altura que = in the same league as.
    * altura del tipo movible = height-to-paper, type height.
    * altura tipográfica = height-to-paper [heights-to-paper, -pl.].
    * con la misma altura que = the full height of.
    * de altura = high, top-notch.
    * de altura regulable = height-adjustable.
    * estar a la altura de = live up to, be equal to.
    * estar a la altura de la circunstancias = make + the cut.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to snuff, come up with + the goods.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, be equal to the occasion, rise (up) to + the occasion, deliver + the goods, measure up (to), rise (up) to + challenge.
    * estar a la altura de las expectativas = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la altura de las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * estar a la altura de lo que se espera = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la misma altura que = rank with.
    * gran altura = high altitude.
    * no estar a la altura de las expectativas = fall below + expectations.
    * no estar a la altura de lo que se espera = fall below + expectations, be below par, be under par.
    * poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.
    * salto de altura = vertical jump, high jumping, high jump.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una persona, un edificio) height; (de una figura geométrica) height
    la altura mínima exigida es de 1,60m the minimum height requirement is 1.60m
    el muro tiene un metro de altura the wall is one meter high
    el faro mide 35 metros de altura the lighthouse is 35 meters high o tall
    un edificio de altura a tall building
    2 (de un techo) height
    pon los dos cuadros a la misma altura put the two pictures level with each other o at the same height
    el tableado nace a la altura de las caderas the pleats begin at the hips, it's pleated from the hips
    quiero pintar la pared hasta esta altura I want to paint the wall up to here
    tiene una cicatriz a la altura de la sien he has a scar on his temple
    cayó de or desde una altura de 20 metros he fell from a height of 20 meters
    a la altura del betún or ( RPl) de un felpudo or ( Chi) del unto ( fam): nos dejaste a la altura del betún you made us look really bad
    no contestó ni una pregunta, quedó a la altura de un felpudo he couldn't answer a single question, he looked really stupid
    estar/ponerse a la altura de algo/algn: lo que permitirá ponernos a la altura de los países más avanzados which will enable us to put ourselves on a par with the most developed countries
    supo estar a la altura de las circunstancias he managed to rise to the occasion
    no estuvo a la altura de lo que se esperaba he didn't live up to their expectations
    no está a la altura de su predecesor he doesn't match up to his predecessor
    si le contestas con palabrotas te estás poniendo a su altura by swearing at her you're just lowering yourself o sinking to her level
    C
    1 ( Aviac, Geog) (altitud) altitude
    volamos a una altura de 10.000 metros we are flying at an altitude of 10,000 meters
    el avión empezó a perder altura the plane started to lose height o ( frml) altitude
    fue construida en una meseta a 2.240 metros de altura it was built on a plateau at an altitude of 2,240 meters
    montañas que sobrepasan los 4.000 metros de altura mountains that rise to (a height of) over 4,000 meters
    2
    de altura ‹pesquero/flota› deep-sea ( before n)
    remolcador de altura oceangoing tug
    D
    (dignidad): se lo dijo con mucha altura she told him in a very dignified manner
    reaccionó con mucha altura he reacted with great dignity
    1
    (en una calle): ¿a qué altura de Serrano vive? how far up o along Serrano do you live?
    cuando la procesión llegó a la altura del Ayuntamiento when the procession reached City Hall
    viven a la altura de la Plaza de Colón they live up by Plaza de Colón
    2
    (latitud): situada en el Adriático, a la altura de Florencia situated on the Adriatic, on the same latitude as Florence o ( colloq) as far up/down as Florence
    F
    (en sentido temporal): a estas/esas alturas: a estas alturas ya deberías haber aprendido cómo se hace you should have learned how to do it by now
    ¡a estas alturas me vienes con esas preguntas! it's a bit late to be asking questions like that now!
    a estas alturas ya nadie se escandaliza por esas cosas nobody is shocked by that kind of thing anymore
    a estas alturas ya deben haber llegado they should have arrived by now o by this time
    a estas alturas del año this late on in the year, so late on in the year
    a estas alturas de la campaña electoral ya no pueden dar marcha atrás sobre eso they can't go back on that at this (late) stage of the election campaign
    a esas alturas ya había perdido las esperanzas by that stage he had already lost all hope
    a estas alturas del partido ( fam); by now, at this stage of the game ( colloq)
    G ( Mús) (de un sonido) pitch; (de la voz) pitch
    H ( Esp period) (piso) story*
    1 (cimas) heights (pl)
    2 ( Relig):
    las alturas the highest
    gloria a Dios en las alturas glory to God in the highest o on high
    * * *

     

    altura sustantivo femenino
    1 (de persona, edificio, techo) height;

    2 ( indicando posición) height;

    a la altura de los ojos at eye level;
    estar/ponerse a la altura de algo/algn: para ponernos a la altura de la competencia to put ourselves on a par with our competitors;
    estar a la altura de las circunstancias to rise to the occasion;
    no está a la altura de su predecesor he doesn't match up to his predecessor
    3
    a) (Aviac, Geog) ( altitud) altitude;

    ◊ a 2.240 metros de altura at an altitude of 2,240 meters

    b)

    ◊ de altura ‹pesquero/flota› deep-sea ( before n);


    ‹ remolcador› oceangoing ( before n)
    4 ( en sentido horizontal):
    ◊ ¿a qué altura de Serrano vive? how far up Serrano do you live?;

    cuando llegamos a la altura de la plaza when we reached the square
    5 ( en sentido temporal):

    ¡a estas alturas me vienes con eso! you wait till now to bring this to me!;
    a estas alturas del año this late on in the year;
    a esas alturas ya no me importaba by that stage I didn't mind
    6 (Mús) pitch
    altura sustantivo femenino
    1 height
    de nueve metros de altura, nine metres high
    2 (nivel) level
    a la misma altura, on the same level
    Geography on the same latitude: Helena vive a la altura del hospital, Helena lives by the hospital
    ♦ Locuciones: figurado no está a la altura de su rival, he doesn't measure up to his rival
    figurado se supo poner a la altura de las circunstancias, she was able to meet the challenge
    a estas alturas ya deberías conocerlo, you should know him by now
    ' altura' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - alto
    - betún
    - estatura
    - estirón
    - grandeza
    - salto
    - sobrepasar
    - superar
    - talla
    - alcanzar
    - asorocharse
    - caer
    - descender
    - descenso
    - elevar
    - grande
    - listón
    - mal
    - máximo
    - mayor
    - nivel
    - tomar
    English:
    dizzy
    - equal
    - eye-level
    - height
    - high
    - ht
    - inadequate
    - level
    - live up to
    - low
    - match
    - measure up
    - name
    - off-shore fishing
    - patch
    - rise
    - storey
    - tall
    - up to
    - deep
    - elevation
    - head
    - justice
    - league
    - live
    - measure
    - par
    - second
    - third
    - up
    * * *
    altura nf
    1. [de persona, cosa] height;
    mide o [m5] tiene 2 metros de altura [persona] he's 2 metres tall;
    [cosa] it's 2 metres high
    2. [posición] height;
    pon los dos altavoces a la misma altura put both speakers level with each other;
    la serpiente le mordió a la altura del tobillo the snake bit him on the ankle;
    el tráfico está congestionado a la altura del ayuntamiento there's a traffic jam in the area of the town hall;
    ¿a qué altura está la oficina de turismo? how far along the road is the tourist information office?;
    está a la altura de la estación it's next to the station
    3. [altitud] height;
    Viella está a 1.000 metros de altura Viella is 1,000 metres above sea level;
    ganar o [m5] tomar altura [avión] to climb;
    perder altura [avión] to lose height;
    volar a gran altura to fly at altitude;
    volaremos a 2.000 metros de altura we'll be flying at an altitude of 2,000 metres;
    se esperan nevadas en alturas superiores a los 800 metros snow is forecast on high ground above 800 metres;
    Fig
    las alturas [el cielo] Heaven;
    Gloria a Dios en las alturas glory to God in the highest
    4. [latitud] latitude
    5. Fig [nivel]
    a la altura de on a par with;
    intentan ponerse a la altura de los líderes del mercado they're trying to catch up with the market leaders;
    la moda inglesa nunca se pondrá a la altura de la italiana English fashion will never reach the standard of Italian fashion;
    su última novela no está a la altura de sus anteriores her latest novel isn't up to the standard of her previous ones;
    la película no estuvo a la altura de sus expectativas the film didn't come up to o fell short of her expectations;
    comprarlo no estaba a la altura de mis posibilidades it wasn't within my means to buy it;
    no está a la altura del puesto he's not up to the job;
    al devolverle el insulto, se puso a su altura by insulting him back, she showed herself to be no better than him;
    estar a la altura de las circunstancias to be worthy of the occasion, to be equal to the challenge;
    ninguno de los dos equipos estuvo a la altura de las circunstancias neither of the teams was able to rise to the occasion;
    Fam
    a la altura del betún o RP [m5]del felpudo: nos dejó a la altura del betún o RP [m5] del felpudo it left us looking really bad;
    hemos quedado a la altura del betún o RP [m5]del felpudo, teníamos que haberle comprado un regalo it looks really bad that we didn't buy him a present;
    Fam
    a la altura de los zapatos: como tenista, no le llega a la altura de los zapatos he's nowhere near as good a tennis player as her
    a gran altura: jugaron a gran altura y ganaron el título they played magnificently and won the title;
    rayar a gran altura to excel, to shine
    6. Fig [de persona] stature;
    [de sentimientos, espíritu] loftiness;
    un escritor de gran altura moral a writer with lofty morals
    7. [tiempo]
    a estas alturas this far on;
    a estas alturas ya tendrían que saber lo que me gusta by now, they ought to know what I like;
    a estas alturas ya no se puede cambiar nada it's too late to change anything now;
    a estas alturas ya debías saber que eso no se hace you should know better than that by now;
    a estas alturas del año ya es muy tarde para ponerse a estudiar it's a bit late in the year to start studying;
    si a estas alturas no te has decidido… if you haven't decided by now…;
    no me digas que a estas alturas todavía tienes dudas sobre tu boda don't tell me you still have doubts about getting married even at this late stage
    8. [cumbre] summit, top;
    las grandes alturas alpinas the great peaks of the Alps
    9. Esp [piso] floor;
    una casa de dos alturas a two-storey house
    10. [salto de altura] high jump
    11. Mús pitch
    12. Náut
    de altura [buque] ocean-going;
    flota de altura deep-sea fleet;
    navegación de altura ocean navigation;
    pesca de altura deep-sea fishing
    13. Geom [de triángulo] height
    * * *
    f
    1 height;
    de diez metros de altura 10 meters in height, 10 meters high;
    a la altura de on a par with;
    a estas alturas by this time, by now
    2 MÚS pitch
    3 AVIA altitude;
    tomar altura gain altitude
    4 GEOG latitude
    * * *
    altura nf
    1) : height
    2) : altitude
    3) : loftiness, nobleness
    4)
    a la altura de : near, up by
    en la avenida San Antonio a la altura de la Calle Tres: on San Antonio Avenue up near Third Street
    5)
    a estas alturas : at this point, at this stage of the game
    * * *
    1. (medida) height
    2. (importancia) importance
    a estas alturas by now / at this stage
    medir / tener... metros de altura (persona) to be... metres tall (cosa) to be... metres high

    Spanish-English dictionary > altura

  • 12 delante

    adv.
    1 in front.
    ve tú delante, yo me sentaré detrás you go in the front, I'll sit at the back
    el de delante the one in front
    el asiento de delante the seat in front
    delante de mí/ti in front of me/you
    lo tienes delante de las narices it's in front of your nose
    2 opposite (enfrente).
    delante hay una fábrica there's a factory opposite
    * * *
    1 (enfrente) in front; (adelantado) in front, ahead
    2 de delante in front
    3 delante de in front of, ahead of, before
    4 por delante in front, ahead
    \
    llevarse todo por delante figurado to destroy everything
    * * *
    adv.
    * * *
    ADV

    en el coche me gusta sentarme delante — I like to sit in the front of the car, when I'm in a car I like to sit in the front

    • de delante, la parte de delante — the front part

    • hacia delante, hizo un movimiento hacia delante — he moved forward(s)

    • por delante, yo iba por delante con la linterna — I went in front with the torch

    llevarse 2)
    2)

    • delante de — in front of

    3) esp Cono Sur

    delante mío/tuyo — in front of me/you

    * * *
    1) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses adelante in many of these examples]

    llevarse algo/a alguien por delante: el coche se lo llevó por delante the car went o ran straight into it/him; se lleva a todo el mundo por delante — he rides roughshod over everybody

    2)

    delante de — (loc prep)

    a) ( en lugar anterior a) in front of

    delante de mí/ti/él — in front of me/you/him

    b) ( en presencia de) in front of
    * * *
    = ahead, in front.
    Ex. He glanced casually at the ill-balanced frontages of the buildings ahead that stretched on and on until they melded in an indistinguishable mass of gray at Laurence Street.
    Ex. At first glance, one may only be conscious of the people stationed behind the desk and those waiting in front.
    ----
    * caerse hacia delante = fall forward.
    * con una mano delante y otra detrás = penniless, skint, broke.
    * dar un paso hacia delante = step up.
    * de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.
    * delante de = before, in front of.
    * delante del pelotón = ahead of the pack.
    * delante de + Posesivo + propios ojos = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes, before + Posesivo + very eyes.
    * delante y detrás = front and back.
    * en la parte de delante = at the front.
    * enumerar hacia delante = list + forwards.
    * estar muy por delante de = be way out ahead of.
    * estar muy por delante de su tiempo = be years ahead of + Posesivo + time.
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * inclinarse hacia delante = tip forward.
    * ir delante = lead + the way.
    * ir hacia delante = page + forward.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * moverse hacia atrás y hacia delante = move back and forth.
    * muy por delante de = far ahead of.
    * pasar por delante de = make + Posesivo + way past.
    * poner Algo por delante de = put + Nombre + ahead of.
    * poner delante de = lay before.
    * por delante = ahead.
    * por delante de = ahead of.
    * por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.
    * por delante y por detrás = front and back.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * tambalearse hacia delante y hacia atrás = wobble back and forth.
    * tener delante = have + before.
    * trabajar hacia delante = work forward.
    * un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.
    * * *
    1) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses adelante in many of these examples]

    llevarse algo/a alguien por delante: el coche se lo llevó por delante the car went o ran straight into it/him; se lleva a todo el mundo por delante — he rides roughshod over everybody

    2)

    delante de — (loc prep)

    a) ( en lugar anterior a) in front of

    delante de mí/ti/él — in front of me/you/him

    b) ( en presencia de) in front of
    * * *
    = ahead, in front.

    Ex: He glanced casually at the ill-balanced frontages of the buildings ahead that stretched on and on until they melded in an indistinguishable mass of gray at Laurence Street.

    Ex: At first glance, one may only be conscious of the people stationed behind the desk and those waiting in front.
    * caerse hacia delante = fall forward.
    * con una mano delante y otra detrás = penniless, skint, broke.
    * dar un paso hacia delante = step up.
    * de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.
    * delante de = before, in front of.
    * delante del pelotón = ahead of the pack.
    * delante de + Posesivo + propios ojos = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes, before + Posesivo + very eyes.
    * delante y detrás = front and back.
    * en la parte de delante = at the front.
    * enumerar hacia delante = list + forwards.
    * estar muy por delante de = be way out ahead of.
    * estar muy por delante de su tiempo = be years ahead of + Posesivo + time.
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * inclinarse hacia delante = tip forward.
    * ir delante = lead + the way.
    * ir hacia delante = page + forward.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * moverse hacia atrás y hacia delante = move back and forth.
    * muy por delante de = far ahead of.
    * pasar por delante de = make + Posesivo + way past.
    * poner Algo por delante de = put + Nombre + ahead of.
    * poner delante de = lay before.
    * por delante = ahead.
    * por delante de = ahead of.
    * por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.
    * por delante y por detrás = front and back.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * tambalearse hacia delante y hacia atrás = wobble back and forth.
    * tener delante = have + before.
    * trabajar hacia delante = work forward.
    * un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.

    * * *
    A
    (lugar, parte) [ Latin American Spanish also uses adelante in many of these examples] voy yo delante, que sé el camino I'll go ahead o in front, I know the way
    no te pongas delante, que no veo don't stand/sit in front of me, I can't see
    tengo tu carta delante I have your letter in front of me
    el asiento de delante the front seat
    la falda cierra por delante the skirt buttons up at the front
    tienes toda la vida por delante you have your whole life ahead of you
    cualquier obstáculo que se le pusiera por delante any obstacle that got in her way
    llevarse algo/a algn por delante: el coche se lo llevó por delante the car went o ran straight into him
    se llevó a todo el mundo por delante (físicamente) he pushed everybody out of the way; (atropellando sus derechos) he rode roughshod over everybody
    B
    1 (en lugar anterior a) in front of
    delante de la ventana in front of the window
    delante de mí/ti/él or ( crit) delante mío/tuyo/suyo in front of me/you/him
    2 (en presencia de) in front of
    la insultó delante de todos he insulted her in front of everyone
    * * *

     

    delante adverbio
    1 (lugar, parte) Latin American Spanish also uses
    ◊ adelante in many of these examples: yo voy delante I'll go ahead o in front;

    no te pongas delante don't stand in front of me;
    lo tengo aquí delante I have it right here;
    el asiento de delante the front seat;
    la parte de delante the front;
    el pasajero de delante the passenger in the front
    2

    delante adverbio
    1 (lugar) in front: delante de nosotros había un hombre, there was a man in front of us
    siéntate tú delante, sit in front
    la puerta de delante, the front door
    (movimiento) los niños iban caminando delante de mí, the children were walking ahead of me
    pase usted delante, por favor, you go first, please
    se inclinó hacia delante, he bent forward
    2 (en presencia de) in front of: se puso a gritar delante de todos, she started to shout in front of everyone
    ♦ Locuciones: se lo lleva todo por delante, she destroys everything in her path
    tienes toda la vida por delante, you have your whole life ahead of you
    ' delante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - actual
    - algún
    - apoltronarse
    - atusarse
    - bastante
    - buen
    - cacerolada
    - clavada
    - clavado
    - delgada
    - delgado
    - el
    - en seguida
    - enferma
    - enfermo
    - enseguida
    - extensa
    - extenso
    - frente
    - justamente
    - mal
    - muerdo
    - nutrido-a
    - pasmada
    - pasmado
    - por
    - primer
    - revés
    - sombra
    - tan
    - telonera
    - telonero
    - ti
    - toda
    - todo
    - vuestra
    - vuestro
    - adelantar
    - alguno
    - alto
    - ante
    - antepenúltimo
    - anteponer
    - antiguo
    - auténtico
    - aventajar
    - bueno
    - cada
    - ciento
    English:
    A
    - actual
    - ahead
    - alive
    - alone
    - also
    - always
    - and
    - appreciate
    - asleep
    - before
    - busline
    - by
    - carry along
    - draw up
    - drive
    - eye
    - fast forward
    - first
    - forward
    - front
    - frozen
    - go ahead
    - humiliate
    - lead
    - little
    - marmalade
    - mat
    - neither
    - never
    - nice
    - often
    - past
    - quite
    - still
    - thrust forward
    - tip forward
    - tip forwards
    - to
    - undress
    - very
    - way
    - wind forward
    - dead
    - follow
    - great
    - pull
    - right
    - rough
    - slog
    * * *
    delante adv
    1. [en primer lugar, en la parte delantera] in front;
    [enfrente] opposite;
    delante hay una fábrica there's a factory opposite;
    ¿dónde has aparcado? – delante where have you parked? – opposite;
    ve tú delante, yo me sentaré detrás you go in the front, I'll sit in the back;
    nos sentamos delante para ver mejor we sat at the front so we could see better;
    el de delante the one in front;
    las luces/el asiento de delante [en automóvil] the front lights/seat;
    está sentado en el asiento de delante [en el inmediatamente anterior] he's sitting in the seat in front of me;
    delante de in front of;
    delante de mí/ti in front of me/you;
    lo tienes delante de las narices it's right in front of o under your nose;
    pasamos por delante de la catedral we passed in front of the cathedral;
    hay que acortar el vestido por delante the dress needs taking up at the front;
    visto por delante resulta impresionante it's very impressive (seen) from the front;
    la avalancha se llevó a los esquiadores por delante the avalanche engulfed the skiers;
    tenemos un mes entero por delante we have a whole month ahead of us
    2. [presente] present;
    cuando no está delante, todos hablan mal de él everyone speaks ill of him behind his back, whenever he's not there, everyone speaks ill of him;
    delante de [en presencia de] in front of;
    se desnudó delante de todo el mundo she undressed in front of everyone;
    comparecer delante de un tribunal to appear before a court
    * * *
    adv
    1 in front;
    lo tengo delante I have it in front of me;
    el asiento de delante the front seat;
    se abrocha por delante it does up at the front;
    tener algo por delante have sth ahead of o in front of one
    2 ( más avanzado) ahead;
    por delante ahead;
    ¡pase usted delante! you first!, after you!
    3 ( enfrente) opposite
    4
    :
    delante de in front of
    * * *
    delante adv
    1) enfrente: ahead, in front
    2)
    delante de : before, in front of
    * * *
    delante adv in front

    Spanish-English dictionary > delante

  • 13 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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  • 14 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

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    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 15 da

    tempo since
    viene da Roma he comes from Rome
    sono da mio fratello I'm at my brother's (place)
    ero da loro I was at their place
    passo da Firenze I'm going via Florence
    vado dal medico I'm going to the doctor's
    da ieri since yesterday
    da oggi in poi from now on, starting from today
    da bambino as a child
    I'ho fatto da me I did it myself
    qualcosa da mangiare something to eat
    francobollo da 1000 lire 1000 lire stamp
    dai capelli grigi with grey hair
    * * *
    da prep.
    1 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza) from (anche fig.): da dove vieni?, where do you come from? (o where are you from?); l'aereo da Roma arriva alle 7.50, the plane from Rome arrives at 7.50; da che binario parte il treno per Parigi?, which platforms does the Paris train leave from?; vengo adesso dall'ospedale, I've just come from the hospital; sostammo a Roma e da lì proseguimmo per Napoli, we called at Rome and from there went on to Naples; si sono trasferiti da Milano a Firenze, they moved from Milan to Florence; la macchina veniva da destra, the car was coming from the right; ''Da dove provenivano gli spari?'' ''Dall'interno dell'edificio'', ''Where did the shots come from?'' ''From inside the building''; la porta si apriva dall'esterno, the door opened from the outside // fuori da, ( moto da luogo) out of; ( stato in luogo) outside: guardava ( fuori) dalla finestra, she was looking out of the window; tolse dalla tasca il portafoglio, he took his wallet out of his pocket; c'era una gran folla fuori dal teatro, there was a big crowd outside the theatre // Sant'Antonio da Padova, St. Anthony of Padua; Francesca da Rimini, Francesca of Rimini // da... a, from... to; la catena appenninica attraversa l'Italia da nord a sud, the Apennines cross Italy from north to south; contare da 1 a 100, to count from 1 to 100; dalla A alla Z, from A to Z
    2 ( distanza, separazione, distacco) from (anche fig.): da qui al mare c'è mezzora di macchina, it takes half an hour by car from here to the coast; Firenze dista da Roma circa 300 chilometri, Florence is about 300 kilometres from Rome; le Alpi separano l'Italia dalla Francia, the Alps separate Italy from France; vive separato dalla famiglia, he lives apart from his family; non riuscivano a staccarlo da sua madre, they were unable to get him away from his mother
    3 ( allontanamento, assenza) away (from): la prossima settimana sarò via da Milano per affari, next week I shall be away from Milan on business; era assente da scuola per malattia, she was away from school due to illness; non ama stare lontano da casa, he doesn't like being away from home; tenetevi lontano dai binari, keep away from the railtracks
    4 ( moto a luogo) to: porteremo i bambini dai nonni per Natale, we'll take the children to their grandparents' for Christmas; venite da noi a colazione?, will you come to us for lunch?; devo andare dal dentista alle 3, I have to go to the dentist's at 3 o'clock
    5 ( stato in luogo) at: dal macellaio, dal parrucchiere, at the butcher's, at the hairdresser's; è da sua madre in questo momento, she's at her mother's now; mi fermerò a dormire da un amico, I'm going to stay at a friend's house; abbiamo cenato da Mario, we had dinner at Mario's // si veste da Dior, she is dressed by Dior (o she wears Dior clothes) // da noi si usa così, we do it this way
    6 ( moto per luogo) through: se passi da Bergamo, vieni a trovarci, if you're passing through Bergamo, come and see us; non trovavo le chiavi e sono entrato dalla finestra, I could not find my keys so I got in through the window; l'acqua è filtrata dal tetto, water leaked through the roof; il pianoforte non passa dalla porta, the piano won't go through the door; entra aria dalle fessure, there's a draught coming in through the cracks
    7 ( agente, causa efficiente, con il verbo al passivo) by: la città fu completamente distrutta dal terremoto, the town was completely destroyed by the earthquake; essere colpito da virus, to be infected by a virus; 'Marcovaldo' è stato scritto da Calvino, 'Marcovaldo' was written by Calvino; il progetto sarà realizzato da architetti italiani, the plan will be carried out by Italian architects
    8 ( causa) for, with: tremare dal freddo, to shiver with cold; era pallido dalla paura, he was pale with fear; fare i salti dalla gioia, to jump for joy; non riusciva a tenere gli occhi aperti dal sonno, she couldn't keep her eyes open for tiredness
    9 ( durata nel tempo) for: vivo a Palermo da oltre un anno, I've been living in Palermo for over a year; ''Da quanto tempo studi il tedesco?'' ''Da sei mesi'', ''How long have you been studying German?'' ''For six months''; lo aspetto da due ore, I've been waiting for him for two hours; lo conosco da vent'anni, I've known him for twenty years; non piove da parecchi mesi, it hasn't rained for several months; Cara Lucia, scusa se non ti scrivo da tanto tempo..., Dear Lucy, sorry I haven't written for so long... // da secoli, da un'eternità, for ages
    10 ( decorrenza) since ( riferito al tempo passato); (as) from ( riferito al presente o al futuro): insegna dal 1980, he has been teaching since 1980; sono passati più di due secoli dalla Rivoluzione Francese, over two centuries have passed since the French Revolution; da prima della guerra, since before the war; da allora, since then; lavoro dalle otto di stamattina, I've been working since 8 o'clock this morning; non mangia da ieri, he hasn't eaten since yesterday; è da Natale che non abbiamo sue notizie, we haven't heard from him since Christmas; da quel giorno non ci siamo più visti, we haven't seen each other since that day; dall'ultima sua telefonata sono passati due mesi, it's two months since she last phoned; da quando è rimasto senza lavoro, non è più lui, he hasn't been the same since he lost his job; dal primo di luglio, il mio indirizzo sarà..., as from July 1st, my address will be...; da aprile a settembre..., from April to September...; qui le rose fioriscono da maggio a novembre, roses bloom here from May to November // da ieri, since yesterday // da oggi in poi, from today onwards // ( a partire) da domani, (as) from tomorrow // sin dalla sua infanzia, since (s)he was a child // a tre giorni dal suo arrivo, three days after his arrival // cieco dalla nascita, blind from birth
    11 ( modo) like: comportati da uomo, behave like a man; vivere da re, to live like a king; ti ho trattato da amico, I've treated you like a friend; ha agito da perfetto mascalzone, he behaved like a real scoundrel; da buon italiano, adora gli spaghetti, like a true Italian, he loves spaghetti // non è da te arrendersi al primo insuccesso, it's unlike you to give up so easily
    12 ( stato, condizione) as: da bambino, as a child; ti parlo da medico, I'm talking to you as a doctor; da giovane, as a young man; lasciamoci da buoni amici, let's part as friends // che cosa farai da grande?, what are you going to be, when you grow up?
    13 ( qualità, caratteristica, valore): un francobollo da 0,62 euro, a 62 euro cent stamp; una banconota da 5 euro, a five-euro note; un brillante da 100.000 euro, a 100,000-euro diamond; una lampadina da 40 watt, a 40-watt light bulb; una domanda da un milione di dollari, a million-dollar question; un palazzo dalla facciata neo-classica, a building with a neo-classical façade // è un uomo da poco, he isn't worth much // una faccia da schiaffi, a brazen face
    14 ( uso, determinazione, scopo): rete da pesca, fishing net; occhiali da sole, sunglasses; ferro da stiro, iron; spazzolino da denti, toothbrush; carta da macero, scrap paper; macchina da scrivere, typewriter ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 13 e 14 sono spesso usate forme aggettivali in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. da
    15 ( limitazione) in: cieco da un occhio, blind in one eye; sordo da un orecchio, deaf in one ear
    16 ( per indicare trasformazione, mutamento) from: passare dallo stato liquido allo stato gassoso, to change from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase; da impiegato è diventato dirigente, from being an ordinary employee he has become a director; da piccola azienda sono diventati un complesso industriale a livello mondiale, from small beginnings they have become a worldwide organization; sfumature dal rosso all'arancio, shades from red to orange
    17 (con valore consecutivo, spesso in correlazione con così, tanto, talmente): non è tipo da arrendersi facilmente, he isn't the sort to give up easily; non sarai tanto sciocco da rifiutare una simile offerta!, you won't be so silly as to refuse such an offer, will you?; erano così assorti nel gioco da non accorgersi della nostra presenza, they were so wrapped up in their game that they didn't notice we were there
    18 ( secondo, in base a) by, from: l'ho riconosciuto dalla voce, I recognized him by his voice; da un'attenta analisi è risultato che..., from a careful analysis it turns out that...; da quello che si legge sui giornali..., from what you read in the newspapers...
    19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf., per esprimere fine, necessità o dovere) to (+ inf.): vorrei un bel libro da leggere, I'd like a good book to read; avete camere da affittare?, have you any rooms to let?; vuoi qualcosa da bere?, will you have something to drink?; non c'è un attimo da perdere, there isn't a moment to lose; hai molto da fare?, have you much to do?; era un rischio da correre, it was a risk we had to run // una commedia ( tutta) da ridere, a hilarious comedy.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: da parte, aside (o apart) // da capo → daccapo // da capo a piedi, from head to toe // dall'inizio alla fine, from start to finish // dal primo all'ultimo, from first to last // dall'inizio, from the beginning // da basso, downstairs // da dentro, from within // da fuori, from outside // da lontano, from afar // da vicino, from nearby // copia dal vero, real life copy // da solo, da sé, by oneself // chi fa da sé fa per tre, (prov.) if you want a job doing, do it yourself.
    * * *
    [da]
    preposizione (artcl. dal, dallo, dalla, dall'; pl. dai, da' ant., dagli, dalle)
    1) (moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, distanza) from

    viene, arriva da Taiwan — he's from Taiwan

    dalla finestra si vede... — from the window, one can see...

    2) (moto per luogo) through

    per andare a Roma passo da Firenze — to get to Rome, I go via o by o through Florence

    da qcn. — (a casa di) at sb.'s (place)

    dal dottore, dal barbiere — at the doctor's, barber's

    "da Mario" — (su un'insegna) "Mario's"

    abito qui dal 1° maggio — I've been living here since 1 t May

    7) da... a from... to
    8) (complemento d'agente, di causa efficiente, mezzo) by
    9) (causa) with, for
    10) (fine, scopo, utilizzo)
    11) (valore, misura)

    un uomo dai capelli scuri, dagli occhi verdi — a dark-haired, green-eyed man, a man with dark hair, green eyes

    13) (come) like; (nella funzione di, con il ruolo di) as

    dare da bere a qcn. — to give sb. a drink

    * * *
    da
    /da/
    (artcl. dal, dallo, dalla, dall'; pl. dai, da' ant., dagli, dalle)
     1 (moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, distanza) from; il treno da Roma the train from Rome; da dove vieni? where are you from? viene, arriva da Taiwan he's from Taiwan; dalla finestra si vede... from the window, one can see...; arrivare da destra to come from the right; non è lontano da qui it's not far from here; a due chilometri dal mare two kilometres from the seaside
     2 (moto per luogo) through; passare da Milano to pass through Milan; per andare a Roma passo da Firenze to get to Rome, I go via o by o through Florence; passare dalla finestra to pass through the window
     3 (stato in luogo) at; da qcn. (a casa di) at sb.'s (place); dal dottore, dal barbiere at the doctor's, barber's; "da Mario" (su un'insegna) "Mario's"
     4 (moto a luogo) andare dal dottore to go to the doctor's; vado da Isa I'm going to Isa's
     5 (tempo) (inizio) since; da allora since then; sono qui da lunedì I've been here since Monday; abito qui dal 1° maggio I've been living here since 1st May; da quando siamo arrivati ever since we arrived
     6 (tempo) (durata) for; da due ore for two hours; studio inglese da due anni I've studied English for two years; non si vedevano da 6 anni they hadn't seen each other for 6 years
     7 da... a from... to; da destra a sinistra from right to left; da martedì a sabato from Tuesday to Saturday; lavorare dalle 9 alle 5 to work from 9 till o to 5
     8 (complemento d'agente, di causa efficiente, mezzo) by; scritto da Poe written by Poe; rispettato da tutti respected by all; la riconosco dalla camminata I know her by her walk
     9 (causa) with, for; tremare dal freddo to shiver with cold; sbellicarsi dalle risa to scream with laughter; saltare dalla gioia to jump for joy
     10 (fine, scopo, utilizzo) cappello da cowboy cowboy hat; abito da sera evening dress
     11 (valore, misura) una banconota da dieci sterline a ten-pound note; una lampadina da 60 watt a 60-watt light bulb
     12 (qualità) un uomo dai capelli scuri, dagli occhi verdi a dark-haired, green-eyed man, a man with dark hair, green eyes
     13 (come) like; (nella funzione di, con il ruolo di) as; te lo dico da amico I'll tell you as a friend; travestirsi da pirata to dress up as a pirate; comportarsi da vigliacco to act like a coward; non è da lui it's not like him o unlike him; da bambino giocavo a calcio when I was a child I used to play football
     14 (limitazione) in; cieco da un occhio blind in one eye
     15 (davanti a verbo all'infinito) non ho più niente da dire I have nothing more to say; c'è ancora molto da fare a lot remains to be done; la casa è da affittare the house is to let; dare da bere a qcn. to give sb. a drink
     16 (con valore consecutivo) essere così ingenuo da fare to be foolish enough to do; saresti così gentile da fare would you be so kind as to do.
    \
    See also notes... (da.pdf)

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > da

  • 16 Mark

    1. noun
    1) ((also Deutsche Mark, Deutschmark) the standard unit of German currency before the euro.) marco
    2) (a point given as a reward for good work etc: She got good marks in the exam.) marco
    3) (a stain: That spilt coffee has left a mark on the carpet.) marca
    4) (a sign used as a guide to position etc: There's a mark on the map showing where the church is.) nota
    5) (a cross or other sign used instead of a signature: He couldn't sign his name, so he made his mark instead.) mancha
    6) (an indication or sign of a particular thing: a mark of respect.) marca, señal

    2. verb
    1) (to put a mark or stain on, or to become marked or stained: Every pupil's coat must be marked with his name; That coffee has marked the tablecloth; This white material marks easily.) marcar, señalar, poner una señal
    2) (to give marks to (a piece of work): I have forty exam-papers to mark tonight.) corregir, poner nota
    3) (to show; to be a sign of: X marks the spot where the treasure is buried.) señalar, indicar, marcar
    4) (to note: Mark it down in your notebook.) apuntar
    5) ((in football etc) to keep close to (an opponent) so as to prevent his getting the ball: Your job is to mark the centre-forward.) marcar
    •
    - markedly
    - marker
    - marksman
    - marksmanship
    - leave/make one's mark
    - mark out
    - mark time
    mark1 n
    1. nota / puntuación / calificación
    2. marca / señal
    3. mancha
    4. marco
    on your marks, get set, go! preparados, listos, ¡ya!
    mark2 vb
    1. poner nota a / puntuar / corregir
    2. marcar / señalar
    mark my words! ¡fíjate en lo que te digo!
    tr[mɑːk]
    1 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (currency) marco
    ————————
    tr[mɑːk]
    1 (imprint, trace) huella; (from blow) señal nombre femenino; (stain) mancha
    2 (sign, symbol) marca, señal nombre femenino
    4 (characteristic feature) impronta, señal nombre femenino, sello
    5 (token, proof) señal nombre femenino
    6 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL nota, calificación nombre femenino, puntuación nombre femenino
    7 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (starting line - of race) línea de salida; (- of jump) línea de batida
    8 (level) punto, nivel; (number) cifra
    9 (target) blanco
    10 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL (type, model) serie nombre femenino, modelo
    11 (oven setting) número
    1 (make mark on) marcar, señalar, poner una señal en
    ■ the file was marked "secret' en la carpeta ponía "secreto"
    2 (scar) señalar, desfigurar, marcar; (stain) manchar
    3 (denote, show position of) señalar, indicar; (show) mostrar
    4 (be a sign of) significar; (commemorate) conmemorar
    5 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (correct) corregir; (grade - student) poner nota a; (- exam, essay, etc) puntuar, calificar
    6 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (opponent) marcar
    7 (be typical of, characterize) caracterizar
    8 (listen carefully, heed) fijarse en, prestar atención a
    ■ you mark my words! ¡fíjate en lo que te digo!
    1 (stain) mancharse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    mark you de todas formas
    on your marks! SMALLSPORT/SMALL ¡preparados!
    to be quick off the mark ser muy rápido,-a
    to be slow off the mark ser muy lento,-a
    to be up to the mark estar a la altura, dar la talla
    to be/fall wide of the mark no dar en el blanco
    to hit the mark dar en el blanco, acertar
    to make one's mark on something dejar su huella en algo, dejar su impronta en algo
    to mark time (soldiers) marcar el paso 2 (wait) hacer tiempo
    mark ['mɑrk] vt
    1) : marcar
    2) characterize: caracterizar
    3) signal: señalar
    4) notice: prestar atención a, hacer caso de
    5)
    to mark off : demarcar, delimitar
    mark n
    1) target: blanco m
    2) : marca f, señal f
    put a mark where you left off: pon una señal donde terminaste
    3) indication: señal f, indicio m
    4) grade: nota f
    5) imprint: huella f, marca f
    6) blemish: marca f, imperfección f
    n.
    • calificación s.f.
    • huella s.f.
    • impresión s.f.
    • indicación s.f.
    • indicio s.m.
    • mancha s.f.
    • marca s.f.
    • marco s.m.
    • puntuación s.f.
    • seña s.f.
    • señal s.f.
    • signo s.m.
    v.
    • acotar v.
    • apuntar v.
    • caracterizar v.
    • indicar v.
    • jalonar v.
    • macular v.
    • manchar v.
    • marcar v.
    • señalar v.
    mɑːrk, mɑːk
    noun ( Bib) (San) Marcos
    [mɑːk]
    N Marcos
    * * *
    [mɑːrk, mɑːk]
    noun ( Bib) (San) Marcos

    English-spanish dictionary > Mark

  • 17 fuego

    intj.
    1 there's a fire, something's burning.
    2 fire, shoot.
    m.
    1 fire (llamas, hoguera).
    atizar el fuego to poke the fire
    hacer un fuego to make a fire
    pegar fuego a algo to set something on fire, to set fire to something
    echar fuego por los ojos to look daggers
    fuego fatuo will-o'-the-wisp
    fuego de San Telmo St Elmo's fire
    2 ring, burner.
    apagar/bajar el fuego to turn off/lower the heat
    poner el agua al fuego hasta que empiece a hervir heat the water until it starts to boil
    a fuego lento/vivo over a low/high heat
    3 fire (disparos).
    abrir o hacer fuego to fire, to open fire
    fuego cruzado crossfire
    4 passion, ardor (apasionamiento).
    la distancia avivó el fuego de su pasión distance rekindled the fires of his passion
    5 gunfire.
    6 ignis.
    * * *
    1 fire
    2 (lumbre) light
    3 (cocina) burner, ring
    4 (ardor) ardour (US ardor), zeal
    \
    a fuego lento on a low flame 2 (al horno) in a slow oven
    estar entre dos fuegos to be caught between the Devil and the deep blue sea
    hacer fuego MILITAR to open fire
    ¿me da fuego? have you got a light?
    poner las manos en el fuego por algo/alguien to stake one's life on something/somebody
    prender fuego a algo to set fire to something
    romper fuego MILITAR to open fire
    fuego cruzado crossfire
    fuego de Santelmo Saint Elmo's fire
    fuego fatuo will-o'-the-wisp, Jack-o'-lantern
    fuego graneado sustained fire
    fuego nutrido heavy fire
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) fire
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=llamas) fire

    ¡fuego! — fire!

    • apagar el fuego — to put out the fire

    • atizar el fuego — (lit) to poke the fire; (fig) to stir things up

    • encender el fuego — to light the fire

    • marcar algo a fuego — to brand sth

    • pegar o prender fuego a algo — to set fire to sth, set sth on fire

    prendieron fuego a los vehículos — they set fire to the vehicles, they set the vehicles alight o on fire

    prender el fuego — LAm to light the fire

    • sofocar el fuego — to extinguish the fire

    echar fuego por los ojos —

    se marchó echando fuego por los ojos — he went off, his eyes blazing

    el procedimiento ha sido solo un fuego de artificio destinado a calmar a la opinión pública — the proceedings have been mere window dressing aimed at appeasing public opinion

    ha llegado a la cima sin los fuegos de artificio típicos de muchas grandes estrellas — she has got to the top without the typical blaze of publicity attached to many big stars

    2) [de cocina]
    a) (=quemador) [de gas] burner, ring; [eléctrico] ring
    b) (=calor) heat, flame

    • a fuego lento — on o over a low heat, on o over a low flame

    se deja cocer a fuego lento 15 minutos — simmer for 15 minutes, cook on o over a low heat for 15 minutes

    • a fuego suave — on o over a low heat, on o over a low flame

    • a fuego vivo — on o over a high flame, on o over a high heat

    3) [para cigarro] light

    ¿tienes o me das fuego? — have you got a light?

    4) (Mil) fire

    ¡fuego! — fire!

    • abrir fuego (contra algo/algn) — to open fire (on sth/sb)

    • ¡ alto el fuego! — cease fire!

    • hacer fuego (contra o sobre algo) — to fire (at sth)

    • romper el fuego — to open fire

    fuego a discreción — (lit) fire at will; (fig) all-out attack

    fuego de andanada — (Náut) broadside

    fuego graneado, fuego nutrido — sustained fire

    alto II, 1., 1)
    5) (=pasión) passion, fire
    6) (Náut) beacon, signal fire
    7) (Med) (=erupción) rash; Méx, Chile, Col [en los labios] cold sore
    8) (=hogar) dwelling
    * * *
    1) fire

    sofocar el fuego — to put out o extinguish the fire

    le prendieron or pegaron fuego a la casa — they set the house on fire

    echar fuego por los ojos: echaba fuego por los ojos his eyes blazed; jugar con fuego — to play with fire

    ¿me da fuego, por favor?/¿tienes fuego? — have you got a light, please?

    3) (Coc)

    cocinar a fuego lento — cook over a low heat; ( apenas hirviendo) simmer

    4) (Mil) fire

    preparen, apunten fuego! — ready, aim, fire!

    •
    * * *
    1) fire

    sofocar el fuego — to put out o extinguish the fire

    le prendieron or pegaron fuego a la casa — they set the house on fire

    echar fuego por los ojos: echaba fuego por los ojos his eyes blazed; jugar con fuego — to play with fire

    ¿me da fuego, por favor?/¿tienes fuego? — have you got a light, please?

    3) (Coc)

    cocinar a fuego lento — cook over a low heat; ( apenas hirviendo) simmer

    4) (Mil) fire

    preparen, apunten fuego! — ready, aim, fire!

    •
    * * *
    fuego1
    1 = fire, flame, bonfire, heat, open fire.

    Ex: In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.

    Ex: The article 'Flames, fear, and loathing: learning about life on the Internet' considers issues surrounding flaming on the Internet, i.e. a critical message or angry response sent on the Internet.
    Ex: This is an outtake from Wolfe's follow up to his 1987 ' Bonfire of the Vanities'.
    Ex: When the pasta is halfway done, return the skillet with the sauce to a medium heat, adding the oregano, capers and olives.
    Ex: The first rotisseries were crude devices that allowed for food to be rotated manually while it cooked over an open fire.
    * acción contra el fuego = fire response.
    * a medio fuego = medium heat.
    * apagar el fuego = put out + the flames.
    * apagar un fuego = extinguish + fire, put down + fire.
    * apagar un fuego con los pies = stomp out + fire.
    * baño de fuego = baptism of fire.
    * bautismo de fuego = baptism of fire.
    * cocer a fuego lento = simmer.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * daño causado por el fuego = fire damage.
    * destruido completamente por el fuego = burnt out.
    * donde hay humo, hay fuego = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.
    * echar leña al fuego = pour + oil on the flames.
    * extenderse como el fuego = spread like + wildfire.
    * fuego + apagar = fire + be out.
    * fuego arrasador = wildfire.
    * fuego + arrasar = fire + sweep through.
    * fuego de gas = gas ring, gas ring burner.
    * fuego del infierno = St. Anthony's fire.
    * fuego de San Antonio = St. Anthony's fire.
    * fuego + destruir = fire + destroy.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.
    * fuego fauto = will o' the wisp.
    * fuego incontrolado = wildfire.
    * fuego + iniciar = fire + break out.
    * fuego + prenderse = fire + break out.
    * fuego repentino = flash fire.
    * fuego sagrado = sacred fire.
    * fuegos artificiales = fireworks, firework display.
    * hervir a fuego lento = simmer.
    * hornillo de dos fuegos = double gas ring burner.
    * jugar con fuego = court + disaster, play with + fire, court + danger, flirt with + danger.
    * lengua de fuego = tongue of fire.
    * luchar contra un fuego = fight + fire.
    * precaución contra el fuego = fire precaution.
    * prender fuego = set + Nombre + on fire, torch, ignite, set + ablaze, burn.
    * prenderle fuego a = set + fire to.
    * prenderse fuego = catch + fire, catch on + fire.
    * propagarse como el fuego = spread like + wildfire.
    * propenso al fuego = fire-prone.
    * prueba de fuego, la = acid test, the.
    * resistente al fuego = fire-resistant.
    * retardador del fuego = fire retardant.
    * sacar las castañas del fuego = sort out + the mess, pick up + the pieces.
    * sacarle las castañas del fuego a Alguien = pull + Posesivo + chestnuts out of the fire.
    * ser la prueba de fuego de Algo = test + Nombre + to the limit.

    fuego2
    2 = fire.

    Ex: The tanks led the way and the remaining infantrymen trailed behind, using the tanks, trees and road bank as cover from the fire coming from the city.

    * abrir fuego = open + fire.
    * alto del fuego = cease-fire.
    * arma de fuego = firearm.
    * arma (de fuego) prohibida = prohibited firearm.
    * cese del fuego = cease-fire, armistice.
    * coleccionista de armas de fuego = gun collector.
    * control de armas de fuego = gun control.
    * en la línea de fuego = in the hot seat, in the front line, on the front line.
    * entre dos fuegos = crossfire, pig(gy) in the middle.
    * fuego amigo = friendly fire.
    * fuego antiaéreo = flak [flack].
    * fuego cruzado = crossfire.
    * fuego de francotirador = sniper fire.
    * fuego de mortero = mortar fire.
    * fuego enemigo = enemy fire.
    * herida por arma de fuego = gunshot wound.
    * línea de fuego = firing line, front-line, line of fire.

    * * *
    A fire
    atizó el fuego she poked the fire
    ¡fuego! fire!
    necesitaron varias horas para sofocar el fuego it took them several hours to put out o extinguish the fire
    [ S ] está prohibido hacer fuego the lighting of fires is prohibited ( frml), no fires!
    le prendieron or pegaron fuego a la casa they set the house on fire, they set fire o light to the house
    prendió or pegó fuego a los archivos he set fire o light to the documents
    echar fuego por los ojos: estaba tan indignado que echaba fuego por los ojos his eyes blazed with indignation, his eyes were ablaze with indignation
    estar entre dos fuegos to be between the devil and the deep blue sea, be caught between a rock and a hard place ( colloq)
    jugar con fuego to play with fire
    Compuestos:
    will-o'-the-wisp, jack-o'-lantern, ignis fatuus
    ● fuegos artificiales or de artificio
    mpl fireworks (pl)
    B
    (para un cigarrillo): ¿me puede dar fuego, por favor?/¿tienes fuego? have you got o do you have a light, please?
    me pidió fuego he asked me for a light
    C ( Coc):
    cocinar a fuego lento durante una hora cook over a low heat o flame for an hour; (apenas hirviendo) simmer for an hour
    poner la sartén al fuego put the frying pan on to heat
    dejé la comida en el fuego y se quemó I left the food on (the stove) and it burned
    cocina de tres fuegos (de gas) a cooker with three rings o burners; (eléctrica) a cooker with three rings
    D ( Mil) fire
    preparen, apunten ¡fuego! ready, aim, fire!
    fuego a discreción fire at will
    la policía abrió fuego sobre los manifestantes the police opened fire on the demonstrators
    alto3 (↑ alto (3))
    Compuestos:
    crossfire
    friendly fire
    live ammunition
    E ( Andes fam) (en los labios) cold sore
    * * *

     

    fuego sustantivo masculino

    ◊ ¡fuego! fire!;

    le prendieron fuego a la casa they set the house on fire;
    abrieron fuego sobre los manifestantes they opened fire on the demonstrators;
    fuegos artificiales fireworks (pl)

    ◊ ¿me da fuego, por favor? have you got a light, please?

    c) (Coc):



    ( apenas hirviendo) to simmer;

    fuego sustantivo masculino
    1 fire
    2 (lumbre) light: ¿me podrías dar fuego, por favor?, have you got a light, please?
    3 (de una cocina) (de gas) burner
    (eléctrica) plate
    Culin a fuego lento, on a low flame 4 fuegos (artificiales), fireworks
    ♦ Locuciones: abrir/hacer fuego, to shoot, open fire
    estar en la línea de fuego, to be on the line of fire
    poner la mano en el fuego por alguien, to stick one's neck out for sb
    sacar las castañas del fuego, to do the dirty work o to get the job done
    entre dos fuegos, to be caught between a rock and a hard place
    ' fuego' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apagar
    - arma
    - arrasar
    - arrimarse
    - atizar
    - avivar
    - bengala
    - carbonizarse
    - castaña
    - chimenea
    - cohete
    - discreción
    - disparar
    - encender
    - encenderse
    - extinguir
    - extinguirse
    - fatua
    - fatuo
    - fuelle
    - hornillo
    - humear
    - inflamar
    - inflamarse
    - jugar
    - leña
    - lenta
    - lento
    - pegar
    - prender
    - propagarse
    - prueba
    - quemar
    - quemadura
    - quemarse
    - resplandor
    - sangre
    - silenciador
    - soplar
    - tirar
    - voraz
    - abrir
    - acercar
    - alto
    - arrimar
    - astilla
    - calcinar
    - calor
    - candela
    - cese
    English:
    acid test
    - bail out
    - banger
    - barrel
    - beat out
    - body
    - boil over
    - bore
    - braise
    - burn
    - burner
    - ceasefire
    - come forward
    - cracker
    - crackle
    - crossfire
    - damp
    - die down
    - douse
    - fan
    - feed
    - fire
    - firearm
    - firing line
    - flak
    - flameproof
    - flare up
    - fuse
    - glow
    - glowing
    - go out
    - gun
    - gunfire
    - hammer
    - heat
    - hit
    - light
    - low
    - muzzle
    - naked
    - open
    - out
    - outlaw
    - play
    - poke
    - poker
    - put out
    - quench
    - recoil
    - rekindle
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [incandescencia] fire;
    pegar fuego a algo to set sth on fire, to set fire to sth;
    echar fuego por los ojos to look daggers;
    jugar con fuego to play with fire
    fuegos artificiales fireworks;
    fuego fatuo will-o'-the-wisp;
    fuego de San Telmo St Elmo's fire
    2. [hoguera] fire;
    atizar el fuego to poke the fire;
    hacer un fuego to make a fire
    3. [incendio] fire;
    los bomberos no pudieron controlar el fuego the firemen couldn't control the fire o blaze
    4. [para cigarrillo]
    pedir/dar fuego to ask for/give a light;
    ¿tiene fuego? have you got a light?
    5. [de cocina, fogón] ring, burner;
    [eléctrico] ring; [de vitrocerámica] ring;
    una cocina de cuatro fuegos a stove o Br cooker with four rings;
    poner el agua al fuego hasta que empiece a hervir heat the water until it starts to boil;
    a fuego lento/vivo [cocinar] over a low/high heat;
    apagar/bajar el fuego to turn off/lower the heat
    6. [disparos] fire;
    abrir o [m5] hacer fuego to fire, to open fire;
    romper el fuego to open fire;
    estar entre dos fuegos to be between the devil and the deep blue sea
    fuego cruzado crossfire
    7. [apasionamiento] passion, ardour;
    la distancia avivó el fuego de su pasión distance rekindled the fires of his passion;
    tenía fuego en la mirada his eyes blazed (with passion/anger)
    8. [sensación de ardor] heat, burning
    ♦ interj
    fire!
    * * *
    m
    1 fire;
    prender fuego a set fire to;
    jugar con fuego fig be playing with fire
    2
    :
    a fuego lento/vivo cocinar over a low/high heat o flame
    3
    :
    ¿tienes fuego? para cigarro do you have a light?
    4
    :
    abrir el fuego MIL open fire;
    estar entre dos fuegos fig be between a rock and a hard place
    * * *
    fuego nm
    1) : fire
    2) : light
    ¿tienes fuego?: have you got a light?
    3) : flame, burner (on a stove)
    4) : ardor, passion
    5) fogaje: skin eruption, cold sore
    6)
    * * *
    1. (en general) fire
    ¿tienes fuego? have you got a light?
    prender fuego a algo to set fire to something [pt. & pp. set]

    Spanish-English dictionary > fuego

  • 18 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 19 offer

    'ofə
    1. past tense, past participle - offered; verb
    1) (to put forward (a gift, suggestion etc) for acceptance or refusal: She offered the man a cup of tea; He offered her $20 for the picture.) ofrecer
    2) (to say that one is willing: He offered to help.) ofrecerse

    2. noun
    1) (an act of offering: an offer of help.) oferta, ofrecimiento
    2) (an offering of money as the price of something: They made an offer of $50,000 for the house.) oferta
    •
    - on offer
    offer1 n oferta
    offer2 vb ofrecer
    tr['ɒfəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (gen) ofrecer
    2 (show willingness) ofrecerse (to, para)
    3 (propose) proponer, sugerir
    4 (provide) proporcionar, ofrecer, brindar
    5 (prayer, praise, sacrifice, etc) ofrecer (up, -)
    1 (show willingness) ofrecerse
    2 formal use (occur, arise) presentarse
    3 (propose marriage) proponer matrimonio (to, a)
    1 (gen) oferta, ofrecimiento; (proposal) propuesta
    2 (bid, amount offered) oferta
    3 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL oferta
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    or nearest offer a convenir, negociable
    to be on offer (at reduced price) estar de oferta 2 (available) disponible
    to be open to offers aceptar ofertas
    to make an offer for something hacer una oferta por algo
    to make somebody an offer they can't refuse hacerle una oferta muy tentadora a alguien
    to offer itself presentarse
    to take somebody up on an offer aceptar la oferta de alguien
    offer ['ɔfər] vt
    1) : ofrecer
    they offered him the job: le ofrecieron el puesto
    2) propose: proponer, sugerir
    3) show: ofrecer, mostrar
    to offer resistance: ofrecer resistencia
    : oferta f, ofrecimiento m, propuesta f
    n.
    • envite s.m.
    • manda s.f.
    • oferta s.f.
    • ofrecimiento s.m.
    v.
    • brindar v.
    • deparar v.
    • objetar v.
    • ofrecer v.
    • rezar v.

    I
    1. 'ɔːfər, 'ɒfə(r)
    1)
    a) ( proffer) ofrecer*

    may I offer you a drink? — ¿quisiera beber algo?

    I offered him my hand, but he refused it — le tendí la mano, pero la rechazó

    to offer to + INF — ofrecerse* a + inf

    2) ( put forward) \<\<idea/solution\>\> proponer*, sugerir*; \<\<excuse/alibi\>\> presentar
    3) ( provide) \<\<reward\>\> ofrecer*; \<\<opportunity\>\> brindar, ofrecer*

    to have something to offer — tener* algo que ofrecer

    4) (give, show) \<\<resistance\>\> ofrecer*, oponer*
    5) offer (up) \<\<prayers/sacrifice\>\> ofrecer*

    2.
    v refl

    to offer itself — \<\<opportunity\>\> presentarse


    3.
    vi ( show willingness) ofrecerse*

    II
    1)
    a) (proposal- of job, money) oferta f; (- of help, mediation) ofrecimiento m

    the windows need cleaning: any offers? — hay que limpiar las ventanas: ¿quién se ofrece?

    b) ( bid) oferta f

    $650 or nearest offer — 650 dólares negociables or a convenir

    2) (bargain, reduced price) oferta f
    3)

    on offer — (BrE)

    a) ( available)
    b) ( at reduced price) de oferta
    ['ɒfǝ(r)]
    1.
    N (also Comm) oferta f

    offers over £25 — ofertas a partir de 25 libras

    £50 or nearest offer — 50 libras, negociable

    • he has had a good offer for the house — le han hecho una buena oferta por la casa

    • introductory offer — oferta f de lanzamiento

    • to make (sb) an offer (for sth) — hacer una oferta (a algn) (por algo)

    • offers of help are flooding in — están lloviendo las ofertas de ayuda

    offer of marriage — propuesta f de matrimonio

    • to be on offer — (Comm) estar de oferta

    • offer of peace, peace offer — ofrecimiento m de paz

    • I might take you up on that offer — puede que acepte tu oferta

    • the house is under offer — tenemos una oferta para la casa pendiente de formalizar el contrato

    job 3., open 1., 8), share, special
    2. VT
    1) (=invite to)

    can I offer you sth to drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    "can I get you a drink?" she offered — -¿te sirvo algo? -preguntó ofreciéndose

    2) (=make available) [+ help, services, money] ofrecer; [+ information, advice] dar, ofrecer

    to offer sb sth, offer sth to sb — ofrecer algo a algn

    to offer one's hand — (to shake) tender la mano

    3) (=express, make) [+ opinion] expresar; [+ comment, remark, suggestion] hacer

    if I may offer a suggestion... — si me permite hacer una sugerencia...

    • to offer an apology — ofrecer disculpas, disculparse

    • the President has offered his sympathy to relatives — el presidente ha expresado sus condolencias a los familiares

    4) (=afford) [+ opportunity, prospect, solution] ofrecer

    the country offers a wealth of opportunities for investment — el país ofrece or brinda muchas oportunidades de inversión

    it seemed to offer a solution to our problem — parecía ofrecer or brindar una solución a nuestro problema

    5) (=show)
    6) (Rel) (also: offer up) [+ sacrifice] ofrecer

    to offer (up) a prayer to Saint Anthony — ofrecer or rezar una oración a San Antonio

    3. VI
    1) (=volunteer) ofrecerse
    2) (=become available) presentarse
    4.
    CPD

    offer price N — (St Ex) precio m de oferta

    * * *

    I
    1. ['ɔːfər, 'ɒfə(r)]
    1)
    a) ( proffer) ofrecer*

    may I offer you a drink? — ¿quisiera beber algo?

    I offered him my hand, but he refused it — le tendí la mano, pero la rechazó

    to offer to + INF — ofrecerse* a + inf

    2) ( put forward) \<\<idea/solution\>\> proponer*, sugerir*; \<\<excuse/alibi\>\> presentar
    3) ( provide) \<\<reward\>\> ofrecer*; \<\<opportunity\>\> brindar, ofrecer*

    to have something to offer — tener* algo que ofrecer

    4) (give, show) \<\<resistance\>\> ofrecer*, oponer*
    5) offer (up) \<\<prayers/sacrifice\>\> ofrecer*

    2.
    v refl

    to offer itself — \<\<opportunity\>\> presentarse


    3.
    vi ( show willingness) ofrecerse*

    II
    1)
    a) (proposal- of job, money) oferta f; (- of help, mediation) ofrecimiento m

    the windows need cleaning: any offers? — hay que limpiar las ventanas: ¿quién se ofrece?

    b) ( bid) oferta f

    $650 or nearest offer — 650 dólares negociables or a convenir

    2) (bargain, reduced price) oferta f
    3)

    on offer — (BrE)

    a) ( available)
    b) ( at reduced price) de oferta

    English-spanish dictionary > offer

  • 20 fuego1

    1 = fire, flame, bonfire, heat, open fire.
    Ex. In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.
    Ex. The article 'Flames, fear, and loathing: learning about life on the Internet' considers issues surrounding flaming on the Internet, i.e. a critical message or angry response sent on the Internet.
    Ex. This is an outtake from Wolfe's follow up to his 1987 ' Bonfire of the Vanities'.
    Ex. When the pasta is halfway done, return the skillet with the sauce to a medium heat, adding the oregano, capers and olives.
    Ex. The first rotisseries were crude devices that allowed for food to be rotated manually while it cooked over an open fire.
    ----
    * acción contra el fuego = fire response.
    * a medio fuego = medium heat.
    * apagar el fuego = put out + the flames.
    * apagar un fuego = extinguish + fire, put down + fire.
    * apagar un fuego con los pies = stomp out + fire.
    * baño de fuego = baptism of fire.
    * bautismo de fuego = baptism of fire.
    * cocer a fuego lento = simmer.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * daño causado por el fuego = fire damage.
    * destruido completamente por el fuego = burnt out.
    * donde hay humo, hay fuego = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.
    * echar leña al fuego = pour + oil on the flames.
    * extenderse como el fuego = spread like + wildfire.
    * fuego + apagar = fire + be out.
    * fuego arrasador = wildfire.
    * fuego + arrasar = fire + sweep through.
    * fuego de gas = gas ring, gas ring burner.
    * fuego del infierno = St. Anthony's fire.
    * fuego de San Antonio = St. Anthony's fire.
    * fuego + destruir = fire + destroy.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.
    * fuego fauto = will o' the wisp.
    * fuego incontrolado = wildfire.
    * fuego + iniciar = fire + break out.
    * fuego + prenderse = fire + break out.
    * fuego repentino = flash fire.
    * fuego sagrado = sacred fire.
    * fuegos artificiales = fireworks, firework display.
    * hervir a fuego lento = simmer.
    * hornillo de dos fuegos = double gas ring burner.
    * jugar con fuego = court + disaster, play with + fire, court + danger, flirt with + danger.
    * lengua de fuego = tongue of fire.
    * luchar contra un fuego = fight + fire.
    * precaución contra el fuego = fire precaution.
    * prender fuego = set + Nombre + on fire, torch, ignite, set + ablaze, burn.
    * prenderle fuego a = set + fire to.
    * prenderse fuego = catch + fire, catch on + fire.
    * propagarse como el fuego = spread like + wildfire.
    * propenso al fuego = fire-prone.
    * prueba de fuego, la = acid test, the.
    * resistente al fuego = fire-resistant.
    * retardador del fuego = fire retardant.
    * sacar las castañas del fuego = sort out + the mess, pick up + the pieces.
    * sacarle las castañas del fuego a Alguien = pull + Posesivo + chestnuts out of the fire.
    * ser la prueba de fuego de Algo = test + Nombre + to the limit.

    Spanish-English dictionary > fuego1

Страницы

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